Figure 5.

Inhibitory effects of BJ-3105, tofacitinib, D-942, and VAS2870 on TNF-α-, mevalonate, GGPP-, or TPA-induced ROS and NOX activities in HT-29 cells. (a,b) TNF-α-induced ROS levels in serum-starved HT-29 cells were measured by detecting DCF fluorescence using fluorescent microscopy (a) and microfluorometry (b). (c) Superoxide radical production was measured using a lucigenin chemiluminescence assay. (d,e) NOX activity was measured using lucigenin in cell extracts and GGPP (d) or TPA (e) as a stimulator. Results are presented as the means ± SEMs of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, versus vehicle-treated controls. ^#p < 0.05, versus stimulator (TNF-α, mevalonate, GGPP, or TPA)-treated cells. ^&p < 0.05, versus tofacitinib- or VAS2870-treated cells.