Figure 2.

TEs promote innate and adaptive immune response activation in health and disease through RNA and DNA sensing pathways. (A) Nucleic acids of TEs bind and activate the transmembrane Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activating transcription factors that promotes INF gene transcription and IFNs production. (B) TEs in T and B lymphocytes activate adaptive immune response through RNA and DNA sensing pathways, as mentioned in (A). (C) In cancer cells the inhibition of DNA methylation, promotes TEs expression and enhances cytokines production.