Figure 1.

The occurrence of VM in gliomas. Rapid glioma cell proliferation and disordered perfusion in the glioma microcirculation can lead to elevated high interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), the formation of a hypoxic environment in the center of the glioma, M2 tumor-associated macrophage (Pink) infiltration, formation of a duct structure by GSCs with an “EC phenotype” through the complex process of cell deformation, proliferation, migration, and matrix remodeling (yellow), which provides the blood supply required for invasive tumor growth.