Table 1.

Targeting Drug Delivery Systems for Circumventing VM Formation

No	Drug Carrier	Types of Drugs	Name of Drug	Special Conjugate	Other Conjugate	The Transport and Identification Mechanism	The Aim of Treatment	Ref
1	Liposomes	Single	Combretastatin A4	Peptide containing the Asn-Gly-Arg	NA	Endocytosis, CPP	Anti-VM	43
2	Liposomes	Single	PTX	Multifunctional tandem peptide R8-c(RGD)	NA	Endocytosis, CPP	Anti-VM and anti-BCSCs	44
3	Liposomes	single	DOX	Hyaluronic acid ion-pairing nanoparticle	NA	Endocytosis, CPP	Anti-VM and anti-BCSCs	45
4	Liposomes	single	PTX	Tandem peptide R8-dGR	Integrin αvβ3 and NRP1 receptors recognizing peptide	Endocytosis, CPP	Anti-VM and anti-BCSCs	46
5	Liposomes	Dual	PTX; artemether	Mannose-vitamin E derivative; dequalinium-lipid derivative	NA	Glucose transporters;adsorptive-mediated endocytosis	Anti-VM; induction of apoptosis in brain cancer cells and BCSCs	47
6	Liposomes	Single	PTX	TR peptide	Integrin αvβ3-specific vector	Endocytosis, CPP	Anti-VM and anti-BCSCs	48
7	Liposomes	Single	PTX	SHH targeting peptide; VEGFR 2 targeting peptide	CK peptide; GYG linker	PEG-PLA	Anti-VM and anti-BCSCs	49
8	Liposomes	Single	DOX	d-peptide of nicotine acetylcholine receptors	VEGFR 2 and NRP1 recognizing peptide	Endocytosis, CPP	anti-VM	50
9	Micelles	Single	PTX	Tumor-homing peptides	GRP78	Endocytosis, CPP	Anti-VM and anti-BCSCs	51
10	Micelles	Single	PTX	EGFR/EGFRvIII Dual-Targeting Peptide	NA	Endocytosis, CPP	Anti-VM and anti-BCSCs	52
11	Liposomes	Dual	Lycobetaine, OCT	nRGD	NA	Endocytosis, CPP	Anti-VM, anti-BCSCs and anti-tumor-associated macrophages	53
12	Micelles	Single	PTX	Peptide ligand RAP12 of LRP1	NA	PEG-PLA	Anti-VM and anti-BCSCs	54
13	Liposomes	Single	DOX	Myristic Acid-Modified DA7R Peptide	NA	Endocytosis, CPP	Anti-VM and anti-BCSCs	55
14	hMSCs	Single	Bispecific immunotoxins	VEGF165; ephrin A	PE38KDEL	Injection of engineered hMSCs	Anti-VM and inhibiting tumor growth	56
15	Liposomes	Single	DOX	Heptapeptide A7R	VEGFR 2 and NRP1 recognizing peptide	Endocytosis, CPP	Anti-VM and anti-BCSCs	57

Abbreviations: VM, vasculogenic mimicry; PTX, paclitaxel; DOX, doxorubicin; CTT, octreotide; hMSCs, human mesenchymal stem cells; BCSCs, brain cancer stem cells; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2; NRP1, neuropilin-1; RGD, arginine-glycine-aspartic acid; SHH, human sonic hedgehog targeting peptide; LRP1, LDL receptor related protein 1;PEG-PLA, poly(ethylene oxide)- poly(lactic acid); CPP, cell penetrating peptides. NA, not applicable.