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. 2020 Apr 29;21(9):3135. doi: 10.3390/ijms21093135

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic illustration of regenerative rehabilitation for stroke recovery in an animal model. Possible mechanisms of action related to cell therapy and neurorehabilitation are described. Transplanted cells affect endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ) or the subgranular zone (SGZ), as well as damaged cells in the infarct area. Neurorehabilitation such as treadmill exercise, enriched environment (EE) interventions, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) not only affects damaged cells but also affects endogenous NSCs and transplanted cells. Combining cell therapy and neurorehabilitation will be able to induce synergistic effects on motor function.