Table 2.
Summary of therapeutic effects of combining cell therapy and brain stimulation on motor function in animal models.
| Reference | Model | Cell Therapy | Rehabilitation | Outcome | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transplanted Cell | Cell Mass and Location | Timing of Transplantation | Category | Onset | Duration | Interactive Effect on Motor Function | Mechanism | ||
|
Kremer et al. [91] (2016) |
Normal rats | Human dental pulp stem cells | 6 × 105 cells, right cortex and striatum | n.a. | Ipsilateral TMS (60% of the maximal output, 0.2 Hz for 15 min, every 2nd day, beginning on day 3 post-transplantation) |
2 days after transplantation | 12 days | Antagonistic | ↓Transplanted cell survival ↑Apoptosis |
| Morimoto et al. [89] (2018) |
MCAO in rats | rMSCs | 2.5 × 105 cells, contralateral corpus callosum | 1 day after MCAO | Ipsilesional cathodal CS (100 µA, 100 Hz, continuously) |
1 day after MCAO | 14 days | n.a. | ↓Infarction volume ↑Transplanted cell migration ↑SDF-1α |
| Peng et al. [92] (2019) |
MCAO in rats | hNSCs | 2.5 × 105 cells, ipsilateral striatum | 4 days after MCAO | Ipsilesional rTMS (26% of the maximal output, 10 Hz, 300 pulses/day, every day) |
5 days after MCAO | 28 days | Synergistic | ↑Neurogenesis in SVZ ↑BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway ↑Neural differentiation |
TMS: transcranial magnetic stimulation; MCAO: middle cerebral artery occlusion; rMSCs: rat mesenchymal stem cells; CS: epidural cortical stimulation; SDF-1α: stromal cell-derived factor-1α; hNSCs: human neural stem cells; rTMS: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; SVZ: subventricular zone; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; TrkB: tropomyosin receptor kinase B; ↑: up-regulation; ↓: down-regulation.