Figure 3.

The involvement of cytokine-related signaling pathway, gut microbiome in CAC. This paper has been an overview of CAC carcinogenesis and cytokine-related signaling pathways and the gut microbiome. Various signaling pathways contribute to the development of CAC. Gut microbiota can contribute to both promotion (via activation of toll-like receptors) and suppression of the NF-κB pathway, depending on the bacterial species. Fatty acid metabolism contributions to CAC are also known. Short-chain fatty acids have a protective role in CAC carcinogenesis. In contrast, long chain fatty acids can lead to cancer development and progression. TLR4: toll-like receptor 4, IL-6R: interleukin-6 receptor.