Table 2.

Characteristics of TLR-4 receptor: types of cells expressing TLR-4, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and clinical-trial agents.

TLR-4
Types of Cells	PAMPs	DAMPs	Clinical-Trial Agent Characteristics
Monocytes Macrophages Neutrophil Myeloid dendritic cells Mast cells B cells Intestinal epithelium Platelets	Lipopolysaccharide	HSPs, heparin, fibrinogen, fibronectin, sulfate, HMGB1, ANG II	Anti-TLR-4 antibody, lipid A derivates, polysaccharides.