Table 4.

Post-operative outcomes.

Outcome	Laparotomy n=506	Laparoscopy Only n=132	Laparoscopy converted to Laparotomy n=82	Laparoscopy onlya		Laparoscopy converted to laparotomya
				ATE	95% CI	ATE	95% CI
Length of stay, median (IQR)	6 (4 to 9)	4 (2 to 7)	6 (5 to 10)	−2.10	−3.26 to −0.94	−0.17	−1.39 to 1.06
ICU length of stay, median (IQR)	0 (0 to 3)	0 (0 to 0)	0 (0 to 3)	−1.05	−1.51 to −0.58	−0.12	−0.82 to 0.57
Ventilator days, median (IQR)	0 (0 to 0)	0 (0 to 0)	0 (0 to 0)	−0.27	−0.54 to 0.01	−0.11	−0.42 to 0.20
Multiple abdominal procedures, No. (%)	42 (8.3)	4 (3.0)	3 (3.6)	−0.03	−0.08 to 0.02	−0.03	−0.09 to 0.03
In-hospital mortality, No. (%)	1 (0.2)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	−0.002	−0.005 to 0.002	−0.002	−0.005 to 0.002
Complications, No. (%)
Unplanned return to the operating room	8 (1.6)	2 (1.5)	2 (2.4)	0.01	−0.03 to 0.05	0.01	−0.03 to 0.06
Surgical site infection	11 (2.2)	0 (0.0)	1 (1.2)	−0.02	−0.03 to −0.01	−0.01	−0.03 to 0.01
Venous thromboembolismb	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (1.2)
Urinary tract infection	1 (0.2)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	−0.002	−0.005 to 0.002	−0.002	−0.005 to 0.002
Pneumonia	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0		0
Acute kidney injury	1 (0.2)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	−0.002	−0.005 to 0.002	−0.002	−0.005 to 0.002
Acute respiratory distress syndrome	2 (0.4)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	−0.003	−0.008 to 0.001	−0.003	−0.008 to 0.001

^aLaparotomy group as reference group. Adjusted for propensity score accounting for age, Glasgow coma score, abnormal heart rate, intubation status, injury severity score, hospital trauma level, hospital teaching status, and number of facility pediatric abdominal trauma operations performed per year.

^bUnable to determine ATE due to no events in the reference group.

Abbreviations: ATE, Average treatment effect; CI, confidence interval; IQR, interquartile range