Table 1.

Mechanistic unravelling in HFpEF and its associated comorbidities

	T2DM	Aging	Hypertension	Obesity	HFpEF
Systemic alterations
Inflammation	↑ [98]	↑ [15]	↑ [116]	↑ [51]	↑ [24, 80, 111]
Glycocalyx remodelling	↓ [86]	↓ [75]	↓ [50]	↓ [31]	N.D
Vascular hyperpermeability	↑ [79]	↑ [11]	↑ [128]	↑ [55]	N.D
Lymphatic dysfunction	↑ [69, 87]	↑ [25]	↑ [134, 135]	↑ [134, 135]	N.D
Cardiac alterations
Microvascular density	↓ [7]	↓ [85]	↓ [3, 88]	↓ [16]	↓ [84]
Oxidative stress	↑ [53]	↑ [91]	↑ [17]	↑ [37]	↑ [35]
Fibrosis	↑ [103]	↑ [113]	↑ [99]	↑ [90]	↑ [58, 84, 136]
Metabolic switch to FA beta-oxidation	↑ [95]	↓ [60]	↓ [28]	↑ [43, 66]	N.D

Evidence from clinical studies given in bold, while proof from experimental studies is indicated in italic

N.D not determined, FA fatty acid