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. 2020 Apr 3;209(3):343–362. doi: 10.1007/s00430-020-00668-0

Table 1.

A summarize of the different impedimetric immunosensors found in the literature

Immunosensor electrode Analyte Immobilisation step LOD Sample volume Detection time References
Au IDAM E. coli O157:H7 MNAC/SA/BT/Ab

− 1.2 × 103 cfu/mL from ground beef samples

− 1.6 × 102 cfu/mL from pure culture

 100 μL 35 min [54]
Au E. coli O157:H7 MACA/EDC + NHS/Ab 1 × 103 cfu/mL in culture 20 μL 1 h [57]
Au E. coli O157:H7 MHDA/(EDC + PFP + DIEA)/Ab/AEE 2 cfu/mL _ 45 min [27]
Pt wire E. coli O157:H7 /Staphylococcus aureus NAM/GPMS/Ab 102 cfu/mL _ 2 h [59]
Ag/AgCl E. coli O157:H7 NAM/HA/EDC + NHS/Ab 83.7 cfu/mL in milk _ _ [61]
Au microelectrode E. coli O157:H7 PANI/GLU/Ab 102 cfu/mL _ _ [62]
Au E. coli O157:H7 11M1UD/ECD/HA/EDC + NHS/Ab 7 cfu/mL 1 mL _ [2]
rGOP E. coli O157:H7 Au-NPs/SA/BT/Ab/BSA

− 1.5 × 103 cfu/mL cucumber

− 1.5 × 104 cfu/mL ground beef samples

 _ _ [53]
Au E. coli O157:H7 MUA/EDC + NHS/Ab/AuNPs 102 cfu/mL _ 2 h [65]
Au SPIM E. coli O157:H7 DTSP/EDC + NHS/SA/BT/Ab/BSA/WGA 102 cfu/mL _ < 1 h [66]
Au SPIM E. coli O157:H7 MgNbs/SA/Biotin/Ab 1.4 × 103 cfu/mL 25 μL _ [67]
ITO E. coli O157:H7 GPMS/Ab 1 cfu/mL 400 μL 45 min [68]
Au-W microwire E. coli K12 PEI/SA/BT/Ab 103 cfu/mL 5 μL _ [68]
Au E. coli O157:H7 (Au-MBA-Ab), (Au-MBA-ProteinA/G-Ab), (Au-Cys-Ab), (Au-Cys-Ferrocene-Ab), (Au-Cys-PAMAM-Ferrocene-Ab) 3 cfu/mL 1 mL 90 min [3]
Au S. typhimurium Ptyr/GLU/Ab/BSA

− 10 cfu/mL in culture

− 102 in milk

 2 mL 3 h, 10 h respectively [71]
Au SPE S. typhimurium Cys/Glu/Ab/BSA

− 103 cfu/mL in PBS

− 9 × 103 in milk

 1 mL 20 min [72]
Ti-Au IDAM S. typhimurium MUA/EDC + NHS/Ab/BSA 103 cfu/mL _ 30 min [73]
Au IDAM S. typhimurium 16-MHDA/SA/BT/Ab 102 cfu 50 μL 1 h [74]
Pt interdigitated microelectrodes S. typhi Au-NPs/AbPEG-thiol 102 cfu/mL 10 μL 1 h [75]
Au SRB MUA/EDC + NHS/lectin-ConA 1.8 cfu/mL _ 2 h [76]
Foam Ni SRB AuNPs/11-MUA/EDC + NHS/Ab/BSA 2.1 × 101 cfu/mL _ 2 h [78]
Glassy carbon disc SRB CS + RGS/Glu/Ab/BSA 1.8 × 101 cfu/mL 10 μL 1 h [79]
Au microelectrode L. monocytogenes TiO2 nanowire/(SH-(CH2)3-CH3)/Ab 4.7 × 102 cfu/mL 15 μL 50 min [82]
IDAM L. monocytogenes MNPs/SA/BT/Ab 104 cfu/mL in milk, beef and lettuce 20 nL 3 h [83]
SPCE P. aeruginosa PP3CA/EDC + NHS/Ab 10 cfu/mL _ [84]
Au SPE S. pyogenes Ptyr/BT/NA/BT/Ab/BSA 102 cfu/ml 10 μL 30 min [41]
Au S. aureus MHDA/EDC + NHS/Ab 10 cfu/mL 5 mL _ [85]
Au IDAM AI virus H5N1 Protein A/Ab/BSA titer higher than 103 EID50/mL 50 μL 2 h [86]
Au IDAM AI virus H5N1 Protein A/Ab /BSA 2–1 HAU/50 μL 30 μL 45 min [38]
Au Ad5 1,6-HDT/AuNPs/MUA/EDC + NHS/Ab 30 virus particles/mL 200 μL _ [87]
Au PPV 1,6-HDT/AuNPs/Ab/BSA 10 pg/mL _ 30 min [88]
Pt wire Aphanomyces invadans G-AuNPs/SAM-Ab-BSA/GCE 309 ng/mL _ 10 min [89]
Au SPE TREM-1/MMP-9/HSL Thiolated Ab

− 3.3 pM for TREM-1

− 1.1 nM for MMP-9 from mock wound fluid

− 1.4 nM for HSL

 10 μL  < 1 h [52]
Au cTnI/sLOX-1 16-MHDA/BT-caproyl-DPPE species/NA/BT/Ab 10–13 M each analyte in PBS and serum _ 30 min [112]
IDAM hTB antigen Ab/blocking buffer 10 ng/mL 10 μL 10 min [107]
Au CD14/CD16 monocytes MUA-MH/Proteing G/BSA/Ab 103 cfu/ml 1 mL 2 h [108]
Flat Au wire Mb MUA-MPA/EDC-NHS/Ab-Mb/BSA 5.2 ng/ _ _ [91]
Screen-printed MWCNTs Mb Ab-Mb/BSA 0.08 ng/mL 5 μL _ [93]
ITO coated glass plates Mb APTES/EDC-NHS/Pt(MPA)/Ab-cMb/BSA 1.70 ng/mL 12 min [94]
Au cTnI (MHA)/EDC-NHS/TMB/EDCH-NHS-/Dendrimer/Ab/BSA 11.7 ± 0.62 fM (0.28 ± 0.015 pg/mL) _ 1 h [96]
Au microelectrode D-dimer SWCN-COOH/Ab/Casein 0.1 pg/mL (0.53fM) _ 10 min [97]
SWCNT SPE EGFR CNT/EDC/NHS/Ab/BSA 2 fg/mL _ _ [98]
Au EGFR AuNPS/Cys/PDITC/Proteing G/Ab

− 0.34 pg/mL in PBS

− 0.88 pg/mL in human plasma

 _ 1 h [99]
Au microelectrode PSA 16MHDA/EG3SH/EDC-NHS/Amine-PEG-BT/Avidin-(BT Ab-Ag Psa-HRP Ab)

− 0.51 ng/mL for t-PSA

− 0.07 ng/mL for f-PSA

 _ _ [101]
Au CA-125 MPA/EDC-NHS/AuNP@SiO2/QDs/mAb 0.0016 U/mL in serum of ovarian cancer patients _ < 1 h [104]
Polycrystaline Au MDM2 Cysteamine (CA) SAM/1,4-phenylene diisothiocyanate (PDITC)/Ab/EA 0.29 pg/mL _ _ [105]
Oxidised GCE DHEAS ox-GCE/AuNPs-ARG/Ab/EDC/NHS/BSA 7.4 µg/dL in blood plasma samples _ _ [106]
GCE Testosterone EDC-NHS/SA/BSA/Nanobody 0.045 ng/mL 20 μL 1 h [110]
Au Rabbit IgG Ptyr/Sulfo-SMCC/Nanobody 666 fM 10 μL 30 min [111]
Au IDμE Her4 tumour protein Cys-Her4 Affimer/PBS-tween 20 based starting block (SB)/Her4 < 1 pM in buffer and in serum _ 30 min [112]

Different components, steps and features of the biosensors are showed, namely: immunosensor electrode, analyte, immobilisation step, LOD and sample volume

1,6HDT 1,6-hexanedithiol, 11M1UD 11-Mercapto-1-undecanol, 16MHDA 16-Mercaptohexadecanoic, 2M2P 2-methyl-2-propanethiol, Ab antibody, AEE 2-(2-aminoethoxy) ethanol, APTES 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane, AuNP@SiO2 silica coated gold nanoparticles, bTB bovine tuberculosis, BCNT-IL bamboo-like multiwall carbon nanotubes-ionic liquid, BSA bovine serum albumina, BT biotin, CA-125 cancer antigen 125, ConA concanavalin A, CS chitosan, cTnI Cardiac troponin I, DHEAS dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, DIEAN,N-diisopropylethylamine, DTSP 3-dithiobis-(sulfosuccinimidyl-propionate), EA ethanolamine, ECD epichlorohydrin, EG3SH tri(ethylene glycol), EGFR epidermal growth factor, G-AuNPs Graphene gold nanoparticles, GCD glassy carbon disc, GLU glutaraldehyde, GPMS (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, Cys cysteamine, HA hyaluronic acid, hTB human tuberculosis, IDμE interdigitated micro-electrode, MACA mercaptoacetic acid, Mb myoglobin, MBA 4-mercaptobenzoic acid, MDM2 murine double minute 2, MH 6-mercapto-1-hexanol, MHDA mercaptohexadecanoic, MgNbs magnetic nanobeads, MgNPs magnetic nanoparticles, MNAC magnetic nanoparticle–antibody conjugates, MPA 3-mercapto propionic acid, MUA mercaptoundecanoic acid, MWCNT multi-walled carbon nanotube, NAM nanoporous alumina membrane, NA neutravidin, PAMAM polyamidoamine, PANI polyaniline, PDITC 1,4-phenylene diisothiocyanate, PEG-thiol carboxy-thiolpolyethyleneglycol, PEI polyethyleneimine, PFP 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenol, PoPD poly (ortho-phenylenediamine; PP3CA: poly(pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid), PSA prostate-specific antigen, PSSA polystyrene sulphonic acid, Ptyr polytyramine, QDs quantum dots, rGO reduced graphene oxide, rGOP reduced graphene oxide paper, RGS reduced graphene sheets, SA streptavidin, sLOX-1 soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1, SPCE screen-printed carbon electrode, SPE screen-printed electrode, SPIE screen-printed interdigitated electrode, Sulfo-SMCC sulfosuccinimidyl 4-[N-maleimidomethyl] cyclohexane-1-carboxylate, SWCN single-walled carbon nanotube, TMB 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl benzidine, VACNT vertically aligned carbon nanotube, WGA wheat germ agglutinin