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. 2020 May 25;10:8628. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65076-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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In silico evolution of quorum sensing. (A) The propagate pool at time zero is a strategically uniform population of in silico individuals. (B) In each generation, individuals are distributed into locally interacting sub-populations depending on the condition of genetic mixing (defined by number of founding cells per sub-population — two founders per sub-population in this illustration). (C) The fitness of all individual founders is evaluated across a range of testing environments (tested in 100 different population densities picked uniformly from 10^1.5 to 10⁵ cells per μL). Then, individuals are selected proportionally to their payoffs for clonal reproduction but are subject to mutation in their quorum sensing traits (signal production, threshold to response, and in some simulations, auto-regulation). Finally, the offspring pool with the same size as the initial propagate pool was formed for the next generation.