TABLE 2.
Comparison of self-report IRI-EC between subgroups of five demographic categories.
| Available and missing | Descriptive statistics for subgroups | Results of t-test/ANOVA | |||||||||
| Demographic | N | Missing | Replacing | Subgroups (n) | M | SD | df | t/F | p | d/η2 | 95%CI |
| Sex | 592 | 0.0% | NA | (1) Female (386) | 17.16 | 3.40 | 590 | 2.18 | 0.030 | 0.19 | [0.06, 1.20] |
| (2) Male (206) | 16.53 | 3.25 | |||||||||
| Ethnicity* | 591 | 0.2% | By mode | (1) Chinese Han (489) | 16.85 | 3.37 | 590 | –1.36 | 0.173 | –0.15 | [−1.21, 0.22] |
| (2) Minorities (103) | 17.35 | 3.32 | |||||||||
| Study major | 592 | 0.0% | NA | (1) Medical (389) | 17.15 | 3.29 | 590 | 2.11 | 0.035 | 0.18 | [0.04, 1.18] |
| (2) Non-medical (203) | 16.54 | 3.47 | |||||||||
| Hukou† | 587 | 0.8% | By mode | (1) Local (236) | 16.49 | 3.47 | 590 | –2.68 | 0.008 | –0.22 | [−1.30, −0.20] |
| (2) Outlander (356) | 17.24 | 3.26 | |||||||||
| Study grade | 592 | 0.0% | NA | (1) Freshman (192) | 16.83 | 3.68 | 589 | 1.63 | 0.197 | 0.10 | / |
| (2) Sophomore (218) | 16.73 | 3.38 | |||||||||
| (3) Senior (182) | 17.31 | 2.95 | |||||||||
IRI, Interpersonal Reactivity Index; IRI-EC, the total score for IRI empathic concern items. Hukou, a unique social term of China, records the administrative region of a Chinese’s original permanent address. For the Study grade, Freshman represents the newly entered and Grade 1 college students, Sophomore represents Grades 2 and 3 college students, and Senior represents Grades 4 and 5 college students. *There was one missing value in the Ethnicity; this missing value was replaced by the mode of ethnicity (i.e., Chinese Han). †There were five missing values in Hukou; these missing values were replaced by the mode of Hukou (i.e., Outlander).