TABLE 1.

Summary of the different responses to Held’s proposal concerning the causal status of self-generated movements (SGM) for sensory adaptation and perceptual learning.

Explanatory status	Interpretation	Proponents
Contextual	SGM may facilitate perceptual learning, but learning can occur without them	J. J. Gibson, Rock, Welch, Lackner
Enabling	SGM are necessary for perceptual learning and development through reciprocal loops between action and perception. Perceptual learning is not possible without them	E. J. Gibson, Adolph, Noë, O’Regan
Constitutive	SGM, or self-generated activity in general, are an integral part of the processes of equilibration, stability, and formation of new schemes that define perceptual learning	Noë, Di Paolo et al.

The names mentioned as proponents for each case serve only as examples and are based on specific items of literature (not a whole oeuvre). In some cases, (e.g., Alva Noë) the position may be ambiguous between more than one possibility.