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. 2020 May 19;11:951. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00951

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Copyright © 2020 Wischhusen, Melero and Fridman.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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GDF-15 in different physiological and pathological contexts. GDF-15 stimulates or inhibits different cellular processes via GFRAL and potentially other still unknown receptors in various physiological and pathophysiological situations. DC, Dendritic cells; T_reg, regulatory T cells.