TABLE 2.

The three pointing gestures plus the control condition that were administered to the goats in the pre-test and test trials.

Condition	Description
Proximal (pre-test and test)	The experimenter dynamically pointed at the bucket containing the food reward until the goat approached either of the two buckets. When the goat approached within approximately 1.5 m of either bucket, the experimenter stopped the dynamic gesture and displayed a sustained pointing gesture toward the rewarded bucket. The baited bucket was positioned approximately 30 cm away from the tip of the experimenter’s finger when the arm was fully stretched
Crossed (test)	The same as the proximal gesture (including preceding dynamic pointing) but the experimenter pointed across her body to the bucket with the food reward on the opposite side of her body. The baited bucket was positioned approximately 40 cm away from the tip of the experimenter’s finger when the arm was fully stretched
Asymmetric (test)	The same as the proximal gesture (including preceding dynamic pointing) but experimenter sat behind the bucket that did not contain the food reward and pointed across to the bucket that was baited with the food reward. The baited bucket was positioned approximately 90 cm away from the tip of the experimenter’s finger when the arm was fully stretched
Control (test)	The experimenter sat motionless with her hands behind her back and was facing the goat