Table 1.
List of drugs targeting TLR4, and its downstream signaling molecules during pregnancy disorder.
| Drugs | Role in pregnancy disorder | Disorder | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| TNF-α ANTAGONIST | |||
| Hydroxyquinone | Reduces production of TNF and endothelin-1 | PE | (127) |
| Asprin | Prevents endothelial dysfunction due to TNF | PE | (118) |
| TLR4 INHIBITOR | |||
| Curcumin | Downregulates TLR4 expression and NF-κB mediated inflammatory response | PE | (108, 128) |
| Vitamin D | Calcitriol can modulate innate as well as adaptive response (pro to anti- inflammatory) Decreases TLR4 expression | PTB, PE & spontaneous miscarriages PE | (129, 130) (131, 132) |
| Rosiglitazone | Reduces TLR4 mediated inflammation Increases antioxidant response by NRF-2 and HO-1 | PTB | (133) |
| Progesterone | Inhibit TLR4 expression in macrophages Promotes Th2 differentiation Induces tolerance at materno–fetal junction | PE | (86, 134) (135) (136, 137) |
| IMMUNOMODULATORS | |||
| Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide | Maintain Th17/Treg cell balance | Infection of T.gondii | (138) |
| IL-10 | Maintains anti-inflammatory condition in decidua | PTB | (107) |
| IKK COMPLEX INHIBITOR | |||
| NEMO-binding Domain Inhibitor | Reduces Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in LPS and Ureaplasma parvum stimulated in-vitro ovine gestational membrane model | PTB | (139) |
| Parthenolide | Reduces inflammatory gene expression in patient derived choriodecidual cells. Decreases TNF-α and COX-2 expression in human urothelial cell stimulated with TNF-α. | PTB | (140, 141) |
| TPCA-1 | Similar effect as of parthenolide. Reduction in PGE2 level in LPS stimulated ovine pregnancy model | PTB | (139, 140, 142) |