Table 2.

Randomised Trial data for RAS inhibition on arrhythmias.

Study	Cohort size	Headline	Refs
TRAndolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE)	1577	The study showed a significant difference in the development of AF in favour of the ACE-I.	[36]
In-hospital AF or flutter in the GISSI-3 trial	17944	Reduction in AF post-AMI.	[37]
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) arrhythmias	374	Significant reduction in the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias such as PVCs, ventricular couplets and VT.	[38]
Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD)	55	Significantly fewer patients with AF in enalapril group.	[39]
Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HEFT)	4395	Significantly lower AF incidence in patients with HF randomised to either valsartan or placebo on top of HF treatment.	[40]
Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM)	392	Candesartan reduced incidence of AF in patients with symptomatic HF.	[41]
Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE)	8335	Over 4.5 years of follow-up ramipril (compared to placebo) did not significantly reduce the incidence of AF in patients without known HF or left ventricular systolic dysfunction.	[42]
Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use Evaluation (VALUE)	15245	Valsartan-based treatment of hypertension reduced the incidence of new-onset/sustained AF compared with an amlodipine-based treatment in hypertensive patients.	[43]
Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico–Atrial Fibrillation GISSI-AF trial	1442	Valsartan had no effect on the recurrence rate of AF in patients with a history of AF (including post successful cardioversion).	[44]
Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET)	25577	No changes in new onset AF in combining telmisartan and ramipril, but an increased risk of adverse effects.	[45]
Atrial Fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for Prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE 1)	9016	Irbesartan did not significantly reduce the risk of hospitalisation of patients AF.	[46]
Japanese Rhythm Management Trial II for Atrial Fibrillation (J-RHYTHM II)	326	Candesartan, combined with amplodipine, gave no advantage of amplodipine alone in terms of paroxysmal AF frequency.	[47]