Table 1.

Sample labels of the titanium alloy surfaces.

sample label	PEO	dip-coating in 1% PADA solution	antibiotic in hybrid layer
			amoxicillin	cefazolin	vancomycin
GM	×	×	×	×	×
GM-PEO	✓	×	×	×	×
GM-PADA	✓	✓	×	×	×
GM-PADA_AMX	✓	✓	✓	×	×
GM-PADA_CEF	✓	✓	×	✓	×
GM-PADA_VANCO	✓	✓	×	×	✓