Table 1.
Empirically Validated Scales That Measures the COVID-19 Related Mental Health Issues.
| Sr No | Authors | Scale | Sample Size, Age (Mean ± SD), Country, Duration of data collection | Available in Language | No.of Items | Psychometric properties of Validated Version | Dimensions/Factors, Additional points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | (Lee, 2020b) | Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS)a | n = 775, Age: 32.72 ± 9.35 years, United States of America, 11th to 13th March 2020 | English@, Brazilian Portuguese, Hebrew, Korean, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, Turkish, Urdu | 5* |
English Version: Reliability: Cronbach’s alpha = 0.93 Validity: correlated with disability (LD = 0.82), distress (LD = 0.81), and coping (r = 0.80) Discrimination ability: AUC: 0.94 Cut off scores: ≥ 9 ; sensitivity: 90%; specificity: 85%; false-positive: 15% |
Four Factors /dimensions: 1) Cognitive (e.g. repetitive thinking) 2) Emotional (e.g. fear, anger), 3) Behavioral (e.g. dysfunctional activities; avoidance), 4) Physiological (e.g. sleep disturbances) |
| 2 | (Lee, 2020a) | Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (OCS)a |
n = 775; n = 398, Age: 32.72 ± 9.35 years, United States of America, 11th to 13th March 2020 |
English@, Hebrew, Korean, Polish, Romanian, Turkish Urdu | 4* |
English version: Reliability:Cronbach’s alpha = 0.84 to 0.85 Construct validity: suicidal ideation (r = 0.45–0.56), alcohol/drug coping (r = 0.42–0.50), coronavirus anxiety (r = 0.72–0.81), spiritual crisis (r = 0.53–0.64), extreme hopelessness (r = 0.66–0.70). Discrimination ability: AUC = 0.81 to 0.92 Cut off scores: ≥ 7, sensitivity: 81% to 93%; specificity: 73% to 76% |
Secondary data analysis (Single-factor: Cognitive (e.g. repetitive thinking) |
| 3 | (Ahorsu et al., 2020) | Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) | n = 717, Age: 31.25 ± 12.68 years, Iran, Duration: NA | English/Persian@ | 7# |
Reliability: Cronbach’s alpha: 0.82 Validity: concurrent [with depression (r = 0.42), anxiety (r = 0.51), germ aversion (r = 0.45), perceived infectability (r = 0.48)] Interpretation: A total score (from 7 to 35). Higher score indicates the more fear of COVID-19 |
Single Factor (Uni-dimensional) |
| 4 | (Soraci et al., 2020) | The Italian version of FCV-19S | n = 249, Age: 34.50 ± 12.21 years, Italy, 18th March to 21st March 2020 | Italian@ | 7# |
Reliability: Cronbach’s alpha: 0.87. Validity: HADS (r = 0.64) and SMSP-A (r = 0.70). Othercomments: adequate but suboptimal sample, female (92%) vs male (8%) |
Single Factor (Uni-dimensional) |
| 5 | (Sakib et al., 2020) | Bangla version of FCV-19S |
n = 8550, Age: 26.5 ± 9.1 years, Bangladesh, 1st April to 10th April 2020 |
Bangla@ | 7#. |
Reliability: Cronbach’s alpha: 0.87 Validity: acceptable construct, good concurrent validity (positively correlated with the PHQ-9 (r = 0.41) |
Single Factor (Uni-dimensional) |
| 5 | (Satici et al., 2020) | Turkish version of FCV-19S | n = 1304, Age: 29.47 ± 10.54 years, Turkey, Duration: NA | Turkish@ | 7# |
Reliability: Cronbach’s alpha: 0.85 Validity: Correlated with depression (r = 0.38), life satisfaction (r = − 0.20), anxiety (r = 0.55), stress (r = 0.47). |
Single Factor (Uni-dimensional) |
| 6 | (Reznik et al., 2020) | Russian version of FCV-19S | n = 850, Age: 34.8 ± 13.0 years, Eastern Europe (Russia and Belarus) Duration: NA | Russian@ | 7# |
Reliability: Cronbach’s alpha: 0.81 Validity: Factorial validity was acceptable Othercomments: Mixed population (Russia, Belarus) |
Two factors (Bi-dimensional; Physiological, and emotional response) |
| 7 | (Taylor et al., 2020) | COVID Stress Scales (CSS): Five subscales |
n = 6854, Age:49.8 ± 16.2 years, Canada and United States, 21st March to 1st April 1, 2020 |
English@ | 36$ |
Reliability: Cronbach’s alpha for each subscale: > 0.80 Validity: Convergent: For each subscale (r ~ 0.29 to 0.48 for health anxiety, checking, and contamination) Discriminant: For each subscale: anxiety (r ~ 0.39 to 0.62), depression (r ~ 0.28 to 0.57) Other Other comments: Mixed population (Canada, United States) |
Five subscales: Danger and contamination fears, xenophobia, fears about economic consequences, compulsive checking, and traumatic stress symptoms about COVID-19 |
| 8 | (Pérez-Fuentes et al., 2020) | Questionnaire on Perception of Threat | n = 1014, Age: 42.92 ± 12.33 years, All Spanish Autonomous regions, 18th March to 23rd March 2020 | Spanish@ | Spanish @ | Reliability: Cronbach’s alpha = 0.66 Validity: Adequate (details not available) Other comments: low reliability | Single Factor (Uni-dimensional) |
Abbreviations:
#: five levels from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5); *: Five levels from not at all (0) to nearly every day (4) over the last 2 weeks; + Likert-type scale from 0 to 10, LD: Structure coefficients, r: Pearson's coefficient, $: Five levels from not at all (0) to extremely (4) over the last one weeks; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, SMSP-A: Severity Measure for Specific Phobia–Adult; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9, @ Validated version (Psychometric properties are known or published); NA: Not available in the published manuscript.
Footnote: i) All scales except CSS, take 4–5 min to administer ii) CAS and OCS details are available at: https://sites.google.com/cnu.edu/coronavirusanxietyproject/home.