Table 2.

Descriptive characteristics (N = 1,278,456).

Variable	Mean	Std. Dev.	Patientswith rating<ZIP code level median N = 404,402	Patients with rating = ZIP code level median N = 503,535	Patients with rating > ZIP code level median N = 372,741
Demographic characteristics
Age	81.34	8.20	81.224	81.494	81.359
Language Spanish	0.01	0.11	0.013	0.011	0.011
Other language	0.01	0.12	0.016	0.011	0.014
Black	0.08	0.26	0.089	0.065	0.074
Hispanic	0.04	0.19	0.040	0.034	0.035
Other race	0.02	0.15	0.026	0.020	0.024
Female	0.65	0.48	0.637	0.652	0.665
Full dual-eligible	0.14	0.35	0.170	0.135	0.125
Partial dual-eligible	0.04	0.20	0.043	0.042	0.036
Married	0.36	0.48	0.348	0.368	0.362
Clinical characteristics from index hospital claims
Deyo-Charlson comorbidity score	2.17	2.14	2.267	2.139	2.099
Elixhauser comorbidity score	3.39	1.83	3.461	3.365	3.336
Total ICU days	1.59	3.84	1.690	1.539	1.523
Total CCU days	0.62	2.30	0.642	0.592	0.630
Hospital length of stay	6.82	6.06	7.136	6.655	6.688
Clinical characteristics from MDS assessments
Shortness of breath	0.21	0.41	0.209	0.215	0.205
ADLscore (0–28, higher=worse)	17.11	4.68	17.427	16.977	16.951
CPS scale	1.34	1.44	1.454	1.310	1.266
Stroke	0.10	0.30	0.106	0.096	0.092
Lung disease	0.22	0.42	0.226	0.223	0.213
Alzheimer’s disease	0.04	0.20	0.049	0.042	0.040
Non-Alzheimer’s dementia	0.17	0.37	0.187	0.161	0.156
Hip fracture	0.08	0.28	0.079	0.085	0.085
Multiple sclerosis	0.00	0.05	0.003	0.003	0.002
Heart failure	0.20	0.40	0.204	0.203	0.195
Diabetes	0.30	0.46	0.311	0.295	0.289
Schizophrenia	0.01	0.08	0.008	0.005	0.005
Bipolar disease	0.01	0.10	0.012	0.009	0.009
Aphasia	0.01	0.12	0.015	0.013	0.013

Notes: ICU = intensive care unit, CCU = coronary care unity, MDS = minimum data set, ADL = activities of daily living.