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Proposed pathway of the IF biosynthesis. E1: Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, E2: Coumarate/cinnamate/ferulate 2-hydroxylase, E3: Intramolecular lactonization, E4: Esculetin synthase, E5: Methoxy transferases, E6: scopoletin 8-hydroxylase, E7: Coumarin methyltransferase.
