Table 2.
Performance comparison of vital sign detection algorithms.
| Vital Sign Assessed | Vital Sign Algorithms | Research Articles | Experimental Setup Range/Subjects/Reference Measurement Method |
Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR, RR | Fast Fourier transform (FFT) |
[47,52,60] | [47] 0.5–1 m/16/ECG [60]/9 human /fingertip pulse oximeter [52] 15 feet/7 humans/electronic heart-monitor |
[47] Error rate: 5% [60] 1%–5% [52] Mean error for obstructed RR: 0.3 bpm Mean error for obstructed RR: 0.14 bpm Mean error for unobstructed HR: 8 bpm |
| HR, RR | Ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and Continuous wavelet transforms (CWT) | [12] | 0.2–5m/3 human/ECG | SNR improvement for RR: 7.5 dB SNR improvement for HR: 4.8 dB |
| RR | Wavelet transform | [8,62] | [8] 6 –14 m/2 males, 2 females, 1 actuator/FFT method measurements [62] 1–2.5 m/-/manual measurement |
[8] SNR: (−4.91dB–(−8.28 dB) Deviation: 0.66%–0.24% [62] Deviation: 0.19 per minute |
| HR, RR | MTI and Chirp Z-transform (CZT) | [4] | 1 m/3 human/ECG | Error rate BR/HR: 1%–2.4% |
| RR | Multiple Higher Order Cumulant (MHOC) | [72] | 2–7 m/1 human/manual | SNR improvement: 13.8 dB |
| HR, RR | HAPA (harmonic path) | [70] | 5–15 cm/1 male/pulse-oximeter | Error rate (MSE) for HR: 1.83% |
| HR, RR | Spectrum-Averaged Harmonic Path (SHAPA) | [71] | 5–15 cm/8 human/pulse-oximeter | Error rate: 16% improvement over [70] |
| RR | IIR filter | [18] | 1 m/--/respiration monitor belt (RPM) | Correlation co-efficient: 0.909 Absolute error: 0.5 mHz |
| HR | Time Domain Processing Algorithm | [16] | 0.25–1.25 m/5 human/ECG | Error rate: 1.01%–4.32% |
| HR | Time series analysis | [15] | 1m/apparatus/-- |
Error rate: 1.26% |
| HR, RR | Pulse-Doppler signal processing technique | [19] | 5–15 cm/13 human/Polysomnography (PSG) | Deviation: 5% |
| HR | Maximum likelihood period estimation | [63] | 0.3 m/1 human/wearable sensor |
Mean Square Error: < −8dB |
| RR, HR | Ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) | [57,61] | [57] 3 m–16 m/5 humans/-- [61] 50 cm/--/human tissue model |
[57] Error rate: 1.5–3.75% [61] Error rate: 1.12% |
| RR, HR | Harmonic Multiple Loop Detection (HMLD) | [77] | 0.64 m/5 male, 5 female/pulse oximeter (HR), manual chest wall count (RR) | Error rate (RR): 4.95% Error rate (HR): 5.06% |