Table 1.

Targets in cellular and animal models of Milk Thistle’s Active Components.

	Compound	Target		Cellular or Animal Model	Reference
Inhibition	Silybin, dehydrosilybin	Phase I enzymes	Ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (EROD) (P450 1A1)	human keratinocytes (HaCaT), human hepatoma cells (HepG2)	[16]
	Silybin, silibinin		P450 1A1, methoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (MROD) (P450 1A2), pentoxy-O-dealkylase (PROD) (P450 2B)	mouse liver microsomes	[18]
	Silymarin		P450 1A1	Wistar rats, Syrian hamsters	[19,20]
	Silymarin		CYP3A4	LS180 colon adenocarcinoma cells	[22]
	Silibinin	Phase III transporters	Organic Anion Transporters (OAT)P1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1, MRP2	Chinese hamster ovary cells	[31]
	Silymarin and silibinin		OATP1B1, OATP1B3 and OATP2B1	human hepatocytes	[32]
	Silymarin		P-glycoprotein (P-gP)	Madin–Darby canine kidney II cells, MCF-7	[33,34]
	Silibinin		MDR1, MRP3, MRP2, MRP1, MRP5, MRP4, ABCG2, ABCB11, MRP6 and MRP7	K562 and KCL22 cell lines	[35]
	Silibinin		P-gP	Rats	[36,37]
	Silymarin		MRP1	human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell Panc-1	[38]
	Silibinin	Phase I enzymes	cytochrome P4503A4	rats	[37]
Activation	Silymarin	Phase II enzymes	glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPO)	mouse liver	[23]
	Silymarin		GST, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT), epoxide transferase, sulfotransferase	Wistar rats	[19]