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. 2020 May 11;20(9):2745. doi: 10.3390/s20092745

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© 2020 by the author.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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A schematic not-to-scale depiction of various basic setups for photoacoustic spectroscopy with different degrees of complexity. (a) The most basic setup is popular with several commercial manufacturers for its simplicity: A modulated light source generates an intermittent light beam, which in turn generates a photoacoustic signal. The amplitude of the sound wave is measured using a sound transducer, (b) Acoustic resonators are used to enhance the generated acoustic wave, (c) A quartz tuning fork (QTF) may serve as a low-cost narrow bandwidth resonator, (d,e) To increase the available optical power, an optical resonator or multi-pass cells may serve to multiply the photoacoustic signal.