Table 1.
Chemical composition of mastic gum essential oils (MGEOs) obtained from wild and cultivated mastic trees (Pistacia lentiscus var. chia).
| RRI a | RRI b | Compound | MGEO-1 (Wild) % |
MGEO-2 (Wild) % |
MGEO-3 (Cultivated) % | IM * |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1014 | 1012c | Tricyclene | - | - | 0.6 | MS |
| 1032 | 1008–1039 c | α-Pinene | 56.2 | 51.9 | 70.8 | RRI, MS |
| 1076 | 1043–1086 c | Camphene | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2.3 | RRI, MS |
| 1118 | 1085–1130 c | β-Pinene | 2.7 | 3.1 | 5.7 | RRI, MS |
| 1132 | 1098–1140 c | Sabinene | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | RRI, MS |
| 1135 | 1109–1137 c | Thuja-2,4(10)-diene | tr | tr | 0.1 | MS |
| 1174 | 1140–1175 c | Myrcene | 20.1 | 18.6 | 2.5 | RRI, MS |
| 1203 | 1212 d | Limonene | 1.7 | 2.4 | 2.3 | RRI, MS |
| 1218 | 1188–1233 c | β-Phellandrene | tr | tr | - | RRI, MS |
| 1280 | 1246–1291 c | p-Cymene | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | RRI, MS |
| 1348 | 1317–1357 c | 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one | tr | tr | tr | MS |
| 1384 | 1331–1384 c | α-Pinene oxide | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 | RRI, MS |
| 1417 | 4,8-Dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene | 0.3 | 0.3 | tr | MS | |
| 1424 | o-Methyl anisol | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.6 | RRI, MS | |
| 1429 | 1405–1431 c | Perillene | 1.9 | 2.2 | 1.5 | MS |
| 1466 | 1438–1480 c | α-Cubebene | tr | - | tr | MS |
| 1497 | 1462–1522 c | α-Copaene | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | RRI, MS |
| 1499 | α-Campholene aldehyde | 0.1 | tr | 0.1 | MS | |
| 1535 | 1496–1546 c | β-Bourbonene | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | MS |
| 1549 | 1518–1560 c | β-Cubebene | 0.1 | - | 0.1 | MS |
| 1553 | 1507–1564 c | Linalool | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | RRI, MS |
| 1565 | 1532–1570 c | Linalyl acetate | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | RRI, MS |
| 1586 | 1545–1590 c | Pinocarvone | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | RRI, MS |
| 1591 | 1549–1597 c | Bornyl acetate | 0.2 | - | 0.7 | RRI, MS |
| 1600 | 1565–1608 c | β-Elemene | tr | - | 0.1 | RRI, MS |
| 1612 | 1569–1632 c | β-Caryophyllene | 3.3 | 6.8 | 2.8 | RRI, MS |
| 1648 | 1597–1648 c | Myrtenal | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | MS |
| 1661 | 1624–1668 c | Alloaromadendrene | 0.2 | - | 0.1 | MS |
| 1670 | 1643–1671 c | trans-Pinocarveol | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | RRI, MS |
| 1683 | 1665–1691 c | trans-Verbenol | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.4 | MS |
| 1687 | 1663 e | α-Humulene | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.5 | RRI, MS |
| 1704 | 1689 c 1681 e | γ-Muurolene | 0.4 | tr | 0.2 | MS |
| 1706 | 1694 c 1688 e | α-Terpineol | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | RRI, MS |
| 1709 | 1685–1709 c | α-Terpinyl acetate | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | RRI, MS |
| 1725 | 1696–1735 c | Verbenone | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | RRI, MS |
| 1733 | 1693–1740 c | Neryl acetate | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | RRI, MS |
| 1740 | 1686–1753 c | α-Muurolene | 0.2 | - | 0.2 | MS |
| 1772 | (Z)-Anethole | tr | 0.1 | tr | RRI, MS | |
| 1773 | 1755 c 1749 e | δ-Cadinene | 0.2 | - | 0.2 | MS |
| 1804 | 1743–1808 c | Myrtenol | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | MS |
| 1845 | 1802–1846 c | (E)-Anethole | 0.3 | 0.2 | tr | RRI, MS |
| 1849 | Calamenene | 0.1 | - | tr | MS | |
| 1849 | 1766–1849 c | Cuparene | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | MS |
| 1864 | 1813–1865 c | p-Cymen-8-ol | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | RRI, MS |
| 1900 | 1854–1928 c | epi-Cubebol | 0.1 | - | tr | MS |
| 1912 | p-Cymen-9-ol | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | MS | |
| 1957 | 1884–1964 c | Cubebo | 0.2 | - | 0.1 | MS |
| 2001 | Isocaryophyllene oxide | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.1 | MS | |
| 2008 | 1936–2023 e | Caryophyllene oxide | 2.1 | 4.1 | 0.9 | RRI, MS |
| 2029 | 1963–2029 e | Perilla alcohol | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | RRI, MS |
| 2053 | 1980–2050 e | Anisaldehyde | - | 0.1 | - | RRI, MS |
| 2071 | 2003–2071 e | Humulene epoxide-I | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | MS |
| 2109 | cis-Methyl isoeugenol | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | MS | |
| 2144 | Dimyrcene Ia | 0.1 | 0.1 | tr | MS | |
| 2174 | Dimyrcene Ib | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | MS | |
| 2200 | trans-Methyl isoeugenol | 0.1 | tr | 0.1 | MS | |
| 2219 | Dimyrcene IIa | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.5 | RRI, MS | |
| 2269 | Dimyrcene IIb | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | RRI, MS | |
| 2380 | 8α,13-Oxy-14-en-epilabdane (=epi-Manoyl oxide) | - | - | 0.2 | MS | |
| 2392 | Caryophylla-2(12),6-dien-5β-ol (=Caryophyllenol II) | - | 0.1 | - | MS | |
| 2415 | 3,4-Dimethoxy benzaldehyde | tr | - | tr | MS | |
| Monoterpene Hydrocarbons | 81.4 | 76.9 | 85.3 | |||
| Oxygenated Monoterpenes | 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.8 | |||
| Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons | 5.9 | 8.0 | 4.9 | |||
| Oxygenated Sesquiterpenes | 3.1 | 5.4 | 1.2 | |||
| Diterpenes | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.0 | |||
| Others | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.9 | |||
| Total | 99.2 | 99.0 | 99.1 |
a RRI: Relative retention indices calculated against n-alkanes; b RRI: from literature on the polar column c [30], d [31], e [32]; %: calculated from flame ionization detection (FID) data; tr: Trace (< 0.1%); * IM: Identification method based on the relative retention indices (RRI) of authentic compounds on the HP Innowax column; MS, identified on the basis of computer matching of the mass spectra with those of the Wiley and MassFinder libraries and comparison with literature data; -: not detected.