Table 2.

An updated picture of studies based on l-carnitine conducted inanimal models.

Condition	Activity	Effect	References
In-animal model	Antioxidant effects	Symptom improvement observed by inducing potential function of the CNS and short-term plasticity.	[30]
In-animal model	Antioxidant effects	Impeded age-related mitochondrial dysfunction by reducing oxidative stress, age-related alterations of mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis, and activation of PGC-1α/β coactivators.	[31]
In-animal model	Anti-diabetic effects	An improvement of glucose metabolism in mice with insulin resistant	[32]
In-animal model	Anti-diabetic effects	Reduction in the serum levels of adiponectin.	[33]
In-animal model	Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects	Managed histological and inflammation damage, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity.	[34]
In-animal model	Antioxidant effect	Upregulation of nrf2 expression and elevation of GSH and TAC levels.	[35]
In-animal model	Cardioprotective effect	Controlled the cardiac toxicity induced by 75- and 150-mg/Kg BW aspartme.	[36]
In-animal model	Anti-obesity effect	Reduction in elevated plasma lipids in obese Zucker rats.	[37]
In-animal model	Immunostimulatory and radioprotective role	Reduced sperm abnormalities, modified severe tubular degeneration and increased serum testosterone levels.	[38]
In-animal model	Enhanced exercise endurance	Reduced body fat, increased maximum running time, and elevated mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative metabolism and fatty acid adsorption.	[39]
In-animal model	Cardioprotective effect	Inhibited 6-Gy γ-radiation-induced toxicity.	[40]
In-animal model	Antioxidant effect	Prevented NaAsO2-induced oxidative damage in rat.	[41]
In-animal model	Treatment of muscle atrophy	Prevented muscle atrophy by inhibiting the ubiquitin proteasome pathway.	[42]
In-animal model	Anti-atherosclerosis effect	Prevented the production of trimethylamine N-oxide.	[43]
In-animal model	Antioxidant effect	Decreased the oxidative stress at least in the heart of oophorectomized rats.	[44]
In-animal model	Antioxidant effect	Decreased acrylamide-toxicity in spleen and thymus tissues in mice.	[45]
In-animal model	Antioxidant effect	l-carnitine (200 mg/kg BW) for 11 weeks prevented dimethoate toxicity in rats.	[46]
In-animal model	Antioxidant effect	Reduction in PCC (protein oxidation marker), TBARS (lipid peroxidation marker), caspase-3, DNA fragmentation, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) as well as proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α downregulation, upregulation of PCNA (DNA repair proliferating cell nuclear antigen) protein, removed c-Fos and oxidative stress-sensitive signaling protein p38.	[47]