. 2020 May 3;25(9):2141. doi: 10.3390/molecules25092141

Table 1.

Concentration (µg/L) of free compounds in young wine samples. Mean, standard deviation (SD) and ANOVA.

		Control		Fruttaio		On-Vine
Compounds	Odor Threshold ¹	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	p-Value
Alcohols
2-Butanol		3283.8 ^b	±207.9	2203.1 ^a	±80.3	3467.7 ^b	±93.1	<0.0001
1-Butanol		269.7 ^a	±6.7	506.3 ^b	±48.8	228.0 ^a	±48.3	0.000
1-Pentanol		58.3 ^b	±5.3	43.0 ^a	±1.5	42.8^a	±1.4	0.002
Isoamyl alcool	30,000	35,372.3 ^a	±1853.6	33,820.8 ^a	±922.9	34,951.5 ^a	±2051.8	0.541
Phenylethyl Alcohol	14,000	16,240.6 ^a	±721.1	20,779.8 ^a	±466.8	16,568.9 ^a	±6073.6	0.290
C6 Alcohols
1-Hexanol	8000	3292.5 ^c	±171.9	2292.4 ^b	±84.2	1951.1 ^a	±70.7	<0.0001
trans-3-Hexen-1-ol		39.4 ^b	±2.4	32.0 ^b	±6.59	21.4 ^a	±2.0	0.006
cis-3-Hexen-1-ol	400	520.3 ^b	±26.9	92.7 ^a	±13.2	65.5 ^a	±7.3	<0.0001
Acetate Esters
Ethyl acetate	12,000	19,537.4 ^a	±1896.3	49,654.9 ^c	±4413.3	33,649.2 ^b	±7566.5	0.001
Isoamyl acetate	30	10,732.9 ^b	±1503.1	3216.1 ^a	±631.4	1877.3 ^a	±293.0	<0.0001
n-Hexyl acetate	1800	279.3 ^b	±41.8	22.3 ^a	±1.5	6.47 ^a	±1.09	<0.0001
Phenylethyl acetate	2400	106.2 ^b	±11.0	35.3 ^a	±4.5	30.7 ^a	±1.9	<0.0001
Ethyl Esters
Ethyl butanoate	20	254.7 ^b	±14.7	265.6 ^b	±28.1	210.1 ^a	±16.4	0.036
Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate	3	215.4 ^b	±32.5	64.6 ^a	±14.1	36.7 ^a	±6.3	<0.0001
Ethyl hexanoate	14	548.5 ^b	±33.4	331.0 ^a	±9.5	302.1 ^a	±24.9	<0.0001
Ethyl octanoate	5	452.1 ^b	±50.2	254.3 ^a	±10.7	249.6 ^a	±27.9	0.000
Ethyl decanoate	200	45.6 ^a	±6.2	50.6 ^a	±5.5	38.6 ^a	±6.5	0.132
Ethyl lactate	100000	1087.9 ^b	±49.6	690.6 ^a	±34.7	647.8 ^a	±64.2	<0.0001
Fatty Acids
3-Methylbutanoic acid	250	511.9 ^b	±38.5	402.3 ^a	±6.6	449.1 ^a	±19.0	0.005
Hexanoic acid	2080	2623.6 ^c	±130.17	1286.5 ^a	±103.3	1683.5 ^b	±36.2	<0.0001
Octanoic acid	2560	2044.8 ^c	±184.0	820.0 ^a	±36.8	1066.7 ^b	±39.8	<0.0001
Terpenes
cis-Linalool oxide	3000	6.57 ^b	±3.12	1.29 ^a	±0.78	1.33 ^a	±0.19	0.038
trans-Linalool oxide	6000	0.415 ^a	±0.211	0.330 ^a	±0.130	0.50 ^a	±0.282	0.797
Linalool	25	27.3 ^b	±3.3	14.8 ^a	±0.5	16.5 ^a	±0.2	0.000
Terpinen-1-ol		0.351 ^a	±0.065	0.429 ^a	±0.162	0.519 ^a	±0.066	0.242
Terpinen-4-ol		0.092 ^a	±0.021	1.163 ^b	±0.200	0.795 ^b	±0.173	0.026
Ho-trienol	110	0.060 ^a	±0.010	0.047 ^a	±0.010	0.075 ^a	±0.043	0.478
α-Terpineol	250	13.9 ^b	±1.3	6.54 ^a	±0.09	7.09 ^a	±0.30	<0.0001
Nerol	400	3.95 ^a	±0.53	4.89 ^a	±0.43	3.36 ^a	±0.96	0.828
Geraniol	30	6.69 ^a	±0.69	6.50 ^a	±0.79	6.61 ^a	±0.20	0.931
β-Citronellol	100	4.14 ^a	±0.18	12.58 ^c	±0.44	10.18 ^b	±1.87	0.000
p-Menthane-1,8-diol		<LOQ		<LOQ		<LOQ
α-Phellandrene		0.035 ^b	±0.013	0.040 ^b	±0.006	0.016 ^a	±0.002	0.029
1,4-Cineole	0.54	0.110 ^a	±0.013	0.205 ^b	±0.023	0.182 ^b	±0.024	0.003
1,8-Cineole	1.1	0.215 ^a	±0.022	0.153 ^a	±0.040	0.176 ^a	±0.068	0.336
Limonene		0.228 ^a	±0.028	0.388 ^b	±0.060	0.225 ^a	±0.040	0.006
γ-Terpinen		1.10 ^a	±0.51	1.15 ^a	±0.09	1.03 ^a	±0.19	0.904
p-Cymene		0.083 ^a	±0.008	0.145 ^a	±0.077	0.093 ^a	±0.021	0.289
Terpinolene		0.137 ^a	±0.024	0.257 ^b	±0.045	0.125 ^a	±0.041	0.010
Norisoprenoids
β-Damascenone	0.05	3.47 ^c	±0.27	1.69 ^a	±0.13	2.80 ^b	±0.10	<0.0001
α-Ionone		2.27 ^b	±0.70	0.85 ^a	±0.34	1.03 ^a	±0.67	0.050
α-Ionol		0.233 ^a	±0.019	0.283 ^a	±0.026	0.25 ^a	±0.010	0.955
Vitispirane		<LOQ		<LOQ		<LOQ
TPB		0.050 ^a	±0.009	0.035 ^a	±0.006	0.051 ^a	±0.013	0.140
TDN	2	2.64 ^b	±0.42	1.57 ^a	±0.18	2.79 ^b	±0.69	0.040
3-oxo-α-Ionol		1.58 ^a	±0.24	2.65 ^c	±0.20	2.10 ^b	±0.23	0.003
Benzenoids
4-Ethyl guaiacol	33	<LOQ		<LOQ		<LOQ
4-Vinyl guaiacol	1100	7.36 ^a	±0.44	9.40 ^b	±0.53	11.63 ^c	±1.63	0.006
2,6-Dimethoxyphenol		0.108 ^a	±0.018	0.015 ^a	±0.007	0.022 ^a	±0.001	0.428
Benzyl Alcohol		128.3 ^a	±4.9	229.1 ^c	±15.1	173.1 ^b	±24.7	0.001
Vanillin	200	2.13 ^a	±0.84	2.04 ^a	±0.95	0.888 ^a	±0.672	0.204
Methyl vanillate		4.37 ^a	±0.09	4.86 ^b	±0.11	4.49 ^a	±0.05	0.001
Ethyl vanillate		16.4 ^a	±1.1	21.6 ^b	±2.0	31.4 ^c	±5.2	0.004

Values in the same row with different letters indicate statistically significant differences, p < 0.05; ¹ Data from: Ferreira et al. (2000) [19], Francis et al. (2005) [20], Sacks et al. (2012) [21] and Antalick et al. (2015) [22]. <LOQ: Values below the limit of quantification.