Table 3.
Concentration (µg/L) of free compounds in aged wine samples. Mean, standard deviation (SD) and ANOVA.
| Control | Fruttaio | On-Vine | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compounds | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p-Value |
| Alcohols | |||||||
| 2-Butanol | 3019.8 b | ±237.4 | 1980.9 a | ±291.9 | 3276.2 b | ±112.6 | 0.001 |
| 1-Butanol | 247.4 a | ±37.2 | 452.1 b | ±16.7 | 206.9 a | ±50.3 | 0.000 |
| 1-Pentanol | 17.9 a | ±0.6 | 15.0 a | ±5.2 | 14.2 a | ±1.9 | 0.398 |
| Isoamyl alcool | 60,167.0 a,b | ±1467.0 | 55,052.5 a | ±5134.7 | 63,751.1 b | ±2291.3 | 0.051 |
| Phenylethyl Alcohol | 20,612.4 a | ±2721.8 | 25,084.0 ab | ±2609.2 | 28,513.4 b | ±4720.3 | 0.083 |
| C6 Alcohols | |||||||
| 1-Hexanol | 3199.2 c | ±22.3 | 2231.4 b | ±208.7 | 1787.8 a | ±102.2 | <0.0001 |
| trans-3-Hexen-1-ol | 51.9 c | ±2.6 | 40.4 b | ±1.3 | 26.2 a | ±7.4 | 0.001 |
| cis-3-Hexen-1-ol | 609.6 b | ±7.7 | 110.0 a | ±39.5 | 74.0 a | ±11.1 | <0.0001 |
| Acetate Esters | |||||||
| Ethyl acetate | 19,178.22 a | ±7696.5 | 32,697.7 b | ±2026.1 | 38,187.8 b | ±5575.2 | 0.015 |
| Isoamyl acetate | 3732.0 b | ±188.2 | 1435.2 a | ±852.1 | 760.8 a | ±300.4 | 0.001 |
| n-Hexyl acetate | 82.8 b | ±3.1 | 8.9 a | ±2.1 | 8.0 a | ±2.8 | 0.000 |
| Phenylethyl acetate | 55.2 b | ±1.9 | 29.0 a | ±10.2 | 23.8 a | ±2.2 | 0.002 |
| Ethyl Esters | |||||||
| Ethyl butanoate | 255.2 a | ±12.2 | 296.2 b | ±20.1 | 231.7 a | ±24.2 | 0.018 |
| Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate | 56.6 a | ±2. 9 | 56.2 a | ±3.5 | 53.2 a | ±7.5 | 0.685 |
| Ethyl hexanoate | 491.2 c | ±18.2 | 357.1 b | ±32.5 | 300.4 a | ±29.1 | 0.000 |
| Ethyl octanoate | 245.1 b | ±7.7 | 153.0 a | ±37.2 | 138.9 a | ±14.4 | 0.003 |
| Ethyl decanoate | 18.8 a | ±1.7 | 16.0 a | ±6.6 | 12.1 a | ±3.1 | 0.246 |
| Ethyl lactate | 3704.2 b | ±158.1 | 3656.8 b | ±99.3 | 3194.4 a | ±352.9 | 0.065 |
| Fatty Acids | |||||||
| 3-Methylbutanoic acid | 706.1 b | ±115.7 | 306.1 a | ±8.8 | 448.0 ab | ±194.8 | 0.025 |
| Hexanoic acid | 3753.0 b | ±77.1 | 1833.3 a | ±156.2 | 1878.8 a | ±235.0 | <0.0001 |
| Octanoic acid | 2901.9 b | ±140.7 | 1288.8 a | ±183.5 | 1405.4 a | ±166.7 | <0.0001 |
| Terpenes | |||||||
| cis-Linalool oxide | 7.85 a | ±0.53 | 8.57 ab | ±0.59 | 9.60 b | ±0.66 | 0.031 |
| trans-Linalool oxide | 4.84 a | ±0.30 | 6.07 b | ±0.18 | 6.06 b | ±0.28 | 0.002 |
| Linalool | 15.8 a | ±3.17 | 23.1 a | ±3.1 | 18.80 a | ±3.3 | 0.142 |
| Terpinen-1-ol | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | ||||
| Terpinen-4-ol | 11.7 a | ±2.7 | 17.5 b | ±2.0 | 13.4 a,b | ±1.8 | 0.044 |
| Ho-trienol | 0.013 a | ±0.006 | 0.018 a | ±0.003 | 0.022 a | ±0.003 | 0.115 |
| α-Terpineol | 34.2 a | ±3.3 | 37.5 a | ±3.9 | 34.6 a | ±3.3 | 0.511 |
| Nerol | 1.47 a | ±0.57 | 1.33 a | ±0.75 | 2.29 a | ±0.06 | 0.147 |
| Geraniol | 2.97 a | ±0.14 | 4.31 a | ±1.99 | 2.64 a | ±1.02 | 0.319 |
| β-Citronellol | 2.71 a | ±2.37 | 7.92 b | ±1.60 | 4.38 a | ±0.99 | 0.027 |
| p-Menthane-1.8-diol | 0.417 b | ±0.060 | 0.214 a | ±0.069 | 0.404 b | ±0.054 | 0.011 |
| α-Phellandrene | 0.802 a | ±0.023 | 0.518 a | ±0.237 | 0.620 a | ±0.076 | 0.218 |
| 1,4-Cineole | 0.202 a | ±0.169 | 0.286 a | ±0.041 | 0.323 a | ±0.045 | 0.398 |
| 1,8-Cineole | 0.188 a | ±0.032 | 0.307 a | ±0.024 | 0.362 a | ±0.018 | 0.341 |
| Limonene | 0.408 a | ±0.178 | 0.497 a | ±0.026 | 0.430 a | ±0.038 | 0.596 |
| γ-Terpinen | 1.01 a | ±0.13 | 0.294 a | ±0.131 | 0.992 a | ±0.040 | 0.664 |
| p-Cymene | 0.162 a | ±0.061 | 0.252 b | ±0.016 | 0.155 a | ±0.018 | 0.034 |
| Terpinolene | 0.115 a | ±0.036 | 0.175 b | ±0.015 | 0.098 a | ±0.013 | 0.017 |
| Norisoprenoids | |||||||
| β-Damascenone | 3.49 a | ±0.05 | 3.08 a | ±0.18 | 3.58 a | ±0.10 | 0.418 |
| α-Ionone | 0.282 a | ±0.128 | 0.448 a | ±0.099 | 0.480 a | ±0.287 | 0.441 |
| α-Ionol | 0.130 a | ±0.0317 | 0.140 a | ±0.094 | 0.295 a | ±0.096 | 0.554 |
| Vitispirane | 5.07 a | ±4.66 | 8.33 a | ±0.51 | 7.72 a | ±0.89 | 0.367 |
| TPB | 0.080 b | ±0.013 | 0.049 a | ±0.006 | 0.055 a | ±0.008 | 0.015 |
| TDN | 4.25 a | ±1.34 | 4.20 a | ±0.68 | 4.50 a | ±0.35 | 0.906 |
| 3-oxo-α-Ionol | 17.6 a,b | ±4.2 | 11.6 a | ±2.8 | 20.7 b | ±3.4 | 0.080 |
| Benzenoids | |||||||
| 4-Ethyl guaiacol | 0.190 a | ±0.049 | 0.295 a | ±0.152 | 0.153 a | ±0.193 | 0.500 |
| 4-Vinyl guaiacol | 15.5 a | ±4.4 | 21.3 a | ±0.7 | 20.2 a | ±5.1 | 0.235 |
| 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol | 0.078 a | ±0.014 | 0.110 a | ±0.029 | 0.208 a | ±0.043 | 0.220 |
| Benzyl Alcohol | 153.8 a | ±27.3 | 275.0 c | ±12.1 | 215.2 b | ±16.3 | 0.001 |
| Vanillin | 5.36 a | ±1.04 | 7.26 b | ±0.37 | 6.39 ab | ±0.61 | 0.050 |
| Methyl vanillate | 4.83 a | ±0.50 | 5.96 b | ±0.37 | 5.79 b | ±0.34 | 0.030 |
| Ethyl vanillate | 34.4 a | ±6.0 | 56.7 b | ±3.7 | 69.7 b | ±3.4 | 0.012 |
Values in the same row with different letters indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). <LOQ: Value below the limit of quantification.