Table 2.

Clinical content of international guidelines produced in early covid-19 pandemic

Guidelines	Basic resuscitation				VTE, DVT prophylaxis	Infection and IPC				Advanced resuscitation				Avoid*		Other
	Fluid resuscitation	Supplemental oxygen	Nutrition	Symptom control, including NSAIDs		IPC	Empirical antibiotics	Antiviral therapy		Intubation and ventilation	RRT	Vasopressors and inotropes		Steroids	NIV
WHO9	X	X			X	X	X			X		X		X	X
Brazil10	X	X			X	X	X			X		X		X
China5	X	X	X			X	X	X		X		X				Traditional Chinese medicine
France11						X	X	X		X				X	X
Germany12	X	X				X	X	X						X
Netherlands26†								X
India14	X	X			X	X	X			X		X		X	X	Early prone positioning
Indonesia13	X	X			X	X	X					X		X	X
Italy15							X	X						X	X
Japan16						X		X
Malaysia17						X	X							X
Russia18	X	X		X		X	X	X		X
Saudi Arabia19‡						X
South Korea20†								X						X
Spain21	X	X			X	X	X	X		X		X		X	X	Early prone positioning
Taiwan22	X	X				X	X			X		X		X	X
Turkey23	X	X				X				X				X
US CDC24‡	X	X				X	X			X		X		X

CDC=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; DVT=deep venous thrombosis; IPC=infection prevention and control; NIV=non-invasive ventilation; NSAID=non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; RRT=renal replacement therapy; VTE=venous thromboembolism; WHO=World Health Organization.

^*Guidelines specifically recommend against particular intervention.

^†Provides no original supportive care guidelines; refers user directly to WHO clinical guidelines and Surviving Sepsis.

^‡Focus of guidelines was on antiviral drugs.