Table 5.
Heterogeneous effect of poverty on the HRQOL and the five dimensions
| Variables | Categories | NO | EQ-5D index | Mobilitya | Self-Carea | Usual Activitya | Pain/Discomforta | Anxiety/Depressiona |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region | DY | 1554 | −0.093 (− 0.148, − 0.038) d | 1.541 (0.950, 2.504) | 2.547 (1.43, 2.504) d | 2.437 (1.603, 3.702) d | 1.362 (0.918, 2.019) | 1.272 (0.670, 2.413) |
| SN | 2422 | −0.053 (− 0.081, − 0.026) e | 1.284 (1.019, 1.617) f | 1.193 (0.438, 1.617) | 1.257 (0.998, 1.582) | 1.440 (1.154, 1.796) e | 1.494 (1.215, 1.840) d | |
| Gender | Male | 1947 | −0.092 (− 0.132, − 0.053) d | 1.481 (1.100, 1.993) e | 1.590 (0.794, 1.993) e | 1.582 (1.185, 2.112) e | 1.526 (1.164, 2.003) e | 1.759 (1.329, 2.327) d |
| Female | 2037 | −0.037 (− 0.069,0.690) f | 1.192 (0.899, 1.582) | 1.184 (0.484, 1.582) | 1.296 (0.984, 1.709) | 1.328 (1.017, 1.733) f | 1.276 (0.982, 1.658) | |
| Age | 15–44 | 1018 | −0.120 (− 0.195, − 0.046) e | 2.737 (1.290, 5.806) e | 1.348 (1.26, 5.806) | 2.297 (1.141, 4.622) f | 2.575 (1.538, 4.305) d | 1.587 (0.992, 2.542) |
| 45–59 | 2134 | −0.107 (− 0.142, − 0.073) d | 1.576 (1.171, 2.121) e | 1.743 (0.906, 2.121) e | 1.898 (1.424, 2.529) d | 1.675 (1.296, 2.166) d | 2.196 (1.692, 2.851) d | |
| > 60 | 1458 | −0.090 (− 0.130, − 0.049) d | 1.805 (1.353, 2.408) d | 1.793 (0.884, 2.408) d | 1.748 (1.317, 2.323) d | 1.474 (1.096, 1.979) e | 1.913 (1.426, 2.570) d | |
| Education level | ≤ PS | 2781 | −0.081 (− 0.109, − 0.052) d | 1.537 (1.232, 1.919) d | 1.563 (0.694, 1.919) d | 1.675 (1.347, 2.083) d | 1.505 (1.218, 1.857) d | 1.847 (1.503, 2.272) d |
| JS | 2527 | −0.138 (− 0.173, − 0.104) d | 2.019 (1.503, 2.710) d | 2.181 (1.126, 2.710) d | 2.300 (1.729, 3.055) d | 1.930 (1.502, 2.481) d | 2.583 (1.993, 3.346) d | |
| ≥ SS | 528 | −0.204 (− 0.334, − 0.073) d | 5.238 (1.275, 21.49) f | c | 12.12 (3.167, 46.38) d | 2.593 (0.865, 7.767) | 2.247 (0.904, 5.584) | |
| Marital Status | Single | 360 | 0.093 (−0.215,0.029) | 2.669 (0.796, 8.944) | 0.489 (0.099, 2.416) | 1.587 (0.477, 5.275) | 2.003 (0.740, 5.419) | 1.246 (0.529, 2.927) |
| Married | 3842 | −0.101 (−0.128, − 0.074) d | 1.717 (1.381, 2.136) d | 1.814 (0.841, 2.136) d | 1.823 (1.474, 2.254) d | 1.592 (1.306, 1.940) | 2.060 (1.692, 2.509) d | |
| Widowed | 408 | −0.107 (− 0.175, − 0.038) d | 1.745 (1.027, 2.962) f | 1.676 (1.072, 2.962) | 2.098 (1.234, 3.560) e | 2.570 (1.446, 4.567) e | 1.809 (1.065, 3.074) f | |
| Distance b | < 2 km | 4000 | −0.062 (− 0.127, − 0.071) d | 1.313 (1.075, 1.603) d | 1.362 (0.534, 1.603) d | 1.430 (1.174, 1.740) d | 1.411 (1.171, 1.704) d | 1.429 (1.190, 1.714) d |
| 2–3 km | 397 | −0.149 (− 0.220, − 0.077) e | 2.457 (1.306, 4.618) e | 2.403 (1.582, 4.618) f | 2.787 (1.532, 5.068) e | 1.685 (0.968, 2.932) | 1.902 (1.070, 3.380) f | |
| > 3 km | 223 | −0.067 (− 0.145, − 0.012) | 2.437 (1.168, 5.083) f | 2.349 (1.674, 5.083) f | 1.478 (0.735, 2.968) | 1.146 (0.534, 2.464) | 1.698 (0.838, 3.441) f | |
| No of NCDs | 0 | 2488 | −0.111 (− 0.153, − 0.068) d | 1.573 (1.121, 2.205) e | 1.995 (1.097, 2.205) e | 1.888 (1.362, 2.622) d | 1.755 (1.336, 2.307) d | 1.635 (1.237, 2.161) e |
| ≥1 | 2122 | −0.100 (− 0.131, − 0.069) d | 1.833 (1.430, 2.349) d | 1.643 (0.759, 2.349) d | 1.811 (1.424, 2.300) d | 1.611 (1.262, 2.056) d | 2.245 (1.770, 2.849) d |
Note: aordinal logit regression models were applied; bDistance to the nearest healthcare facilities, including the healthcare centers or pharmacy: cNot concave; The covariate variables are region, gender, age, marital status, distance, household size, education, social health insurance, commercial health insurance, chronic disease or not; NO number of observation, DY Dangyang, SN Sinan, PS primary school, JS junior school, SS senior school, NCD Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases; d, e and f represent statistical significance at the 0.1, 1 and 5% levels, respectively; Coefficient (95% CI) was reported