Table 3.

Small-molecule compounds inhibiting CSC progression through suppressing Hh signalling pathway

Name	Target	Mechanism	Type of cancer	Phase	NCT number (starting time)/publication date	Assessment
Glasdegib	Hh	Attenuates the potential of leukemia-initiation and increases the sensitivity of LSCs to chemotherapy	Leukemia	Approved	November 21, 2018	Induces common side effect of chemotherapy drugs such as fatigue, nausea, and febrile neutropenia, but also has embryo-fetal toxicity [73]
Sonidegib	SMO	Downregulates the expression of CSC markers and increases the sensitivity to paclitaxel	Breast cancer	Phase I	NCT02027376 (January 6, 2014)	Induces myalgia, fatigue, and abnormal hepatic function, and gastrointestinal toxicity and alopecia are related to the dose of Sonidegib [74, 75]
Vismodegib	SMO	Inhibits BCSC self-renewal and mammosphere formation	Breast cancer	Phase II	NCT02694224 (February 29, 2016)	DLT, hyperbilirubinemia [76]
		Suppresses pancreatic CSC proliferation and survival	Pancreatic cancer	Phase II	NCT01064622(February 8, 2010)
		Decreases the stem markers (such as CD44 and ALDH) of colon CSCs	Colorectal cancer	Phase II	NCT00636610(March 14, 2008)
Ciclesonide	Hh	Inhibits the growth of lung CSCs	Lung cancer	Preclinical	February 4, 2020	Well tolerated, but as corticosteroid, it may inhibit bone growth [77]
Cyclopamine	SMO	Inhibits bladder CSC self-renewal	Bladder cancer	Preclinical	March 1, 2016	Induces holoprosencephaly, dystonia, and lethargy in rodents [78]
GANT61	GLI1 and GLI2	Decreases the CSC population	Breast cancer	Preclinical	May, 2017	No side effects in the mice according to the current studies [79]