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. 2020 May 27;37(12):1452–1462. doi: 10.1089/neu.2016.4644

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© Zachary S. Bailey, et al., 2020; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.

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FIG. 4. — Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeONPs) restored endogenous antioxidants after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in vivo. Panel a shows that CeONP administration significantly increased catalase activity, restoring normal levels at higher doses (p < 0.01). In panel b, similar improvement in function is noted for superoxide dismutase (SOD), with chronic high doses being equivalent to shams. In panel c, we observe that CeONP improves glutathione (GSH)/ GSH disulfide (GSSG) ratios, retuning them to near normal levels with the chronic high dose paradigm. *Significant from sham, p < 0.01; #Significant from injury, p < 0.01.