FIG. 7.

Retinal expression of inflammatory markers is increased 4 h post-repeated blast traumatic brain injury (bTBI). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction measuring mRNA levels relative to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) at (A) 4 h and (B) 24 h post-bTBI. Increased expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1α, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, and IL-6 in the ipsilateral retinas of blast-injured mice was seen when normalized to sham values at 4 h after injury. At 24 h, only TNFα is increased in the blast retinas. Student t test or Mann-Whitney U test based on distribution of data. *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001. Data expressed as means ± standard error of the mean. n = 8–11 and six mice per group at 4 h and 24 h, respectively.