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. 2020 May 25;20:234. doi: 10.1186/s12870-020-02385-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Recent applications of base editing (a) and epigenetic editing (b) technologies in plants. a Co-editing of two genes (TaALS and TaACCase) by using dCas9 fused with CBE [27]. The approach produced nicosulfuron-resistant wheat plants with mutations in the two genes but without transgenes. b Targeted demethylation of the FWA promoter by using dCas9-Suntag-hTET1cd in Arabidopsis [28]. The approach resulted in the activation of FWA gene expression. Demethylation and late-flowering phenotypes were inherited by T2 generation without transgenes