Table 1.
Characteristics of Analytic Sample in Relation to Gender and Smoking Status (n = 4469)
| Mean ± SD | Men (n = 1888) | Women (n = 2581) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never smokers (n = 735) | Former smokers (n = 1044) | Current smokers (n = 109) | Never smokers (n = 1362) | Former smokers (n = 901) | Current smokers (n = 318) | |||
| p Value | p Value | |||||||
| Age, yrs | 76.8 ± 5.3 | 76.5 ± 5.3 | 74.7 ± 5.0a,b | .001 | 76.9 ± 5.5 | 75.9 ± 5.6a | 74.6 ± 5.2 a,b | <.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.6 ± 3.6 | 27.3 ± 3.9a | 24.8 ± 4.0a,b | <.001 | 27.2 ± 4.8 | 27.6 ± 4.5 | 26.1 ± 4.8a,b | <.001 |
| Weight change from age 50, % | 1.2 ± 9.7 | 3.9 ± 11.9a | –1.1 ± 12.7b | <.001 | 3.7 ± 13.0 | 8.3 ± 14.5a | 4.3 ± 15.3b | <.001 |
| 25OHD, nmol/L | 58.5 ± 24.1 | 56.9 ± 24.7 | 49.1 ± 27.1a,b | .001 | 52.4 ± 22.9 | 51.2 ± 24.3 | 47.3 ± 23.0a,b | .003 |
| IMAT, % | 5.7 ± 2.8 | 6.0 ± 2.7 | 5.4 ± 2.5 | .017 | 9.1 ± 3.1 | 9.1 ± 3.1 | 9.2 ± 3.3 | 0.745 |
| Muscle area, cm2 | 61.2 ± 9.6 | 60.9 ± 10.1 | 57.1 ± 9.5a,b | <.001 | 42.4 ± 7.0 | 43.0 ± 7.2 | 41.7 ± 7.4b | .012 |
| Muscle attenuation, HU | 46.6 ± 4.9 | 45.9 ± 4.6a | 46.4 ± 4.2 | .010 | 43.1 ± 4.7 | 43.4 ± 4.5 | 42.5 ± 4.5b | .012 |
| Peak torque, N-m | 170.4 ± 47.5 | 170.5 ± 46.4 | 168.3 ± 42.7 | .889 | 96.3 ± 29.2 | 99.5 ± 30.2a | 95.0 ± 29.4b | .014 |
| Maximum RTD, N-m/s | 584.7 ± 289.2 | 575.2 ± 285.6 | 567.5 ± 278.9 | .726 | 312.3 ± 179.6 | 329.0 ± 190.4 | 309.9 ± 177.5 | .075 |
| Smoking characteristics | ||||||||
| Pack-years | — | 23.4 ± 19.7 | 42.3 ± 25.4 | <.001 | — | 16.8 ± 16.1 | 30.3 ± 19.6 | <.001 |
| Age at smoking initiation | — | 19.2 ± 5.2 | 20.0 ± 7.6 | .311 | — | 22.8 ± 7.7 | 24.8 ± 8.9 | <.001 |
| Years since smoking cessation | — | 30.7 ± 14.7 | — | — | 25.7 ± 14.7 | — | ||
| % (N) | ||||||||
| Low Physical activity level | 78.9 (580) | 78.4 (819) | 78.0 (85) | .960 | 84.6 (1152) | 84.6 (762) | 90.3 (287) | .028 |
| Impaired cognitive function | 16.6 (122) | 16.3 (170) | 18.3 (20) | .857 | 13.2 (180) | 11.5 (104) | 13.8 (44) | .410 |
| Poor health status | 23.8 (175) | 28.8 (301) | 34.9 (38) | .012 | 33.0 (449) | 36.1 (325) | 38.7 (123) | .092 |
| Impaired mobility | 6.1 (45) | 6.2 (65) | 8.3 (9) | .685 | 11.2 (152) | 13.2 (119) | 17.0 (54) | .015 |
| Alcohol drinker | 66.3 (487) | 75.5 (788) | 76.1 (83) | <.001 | 51.0 (695) | 69.9 (630) | 69.5 (221) | <.001 |
| Depressive symptoms | 8.6 (63) | 12.5 (131) | 11.9 (13) | .029 | 10.6 (145) | 12.7 (114) | 17.6 (56) | <.001 |
| High hsCRP levels | 25.9 (190) | 29.9 (312) | 41.3 (45) | .003 | 30.3 (412) | 37.5 (338) | 41.8 (133) | <.001 |
| Low education | 61.6 (453) | 72.2 (754) | 80.7 (88) | <.001 | 74.8 (1019) | 75.9 (684) | 82.1 (261) | .024 |
| High coffee consumption | 48.6 (357) | 58.8 (612) | 72.5 (79) | <.001 | 45.4 (616) | 53.7 (482) | 76.7 (243) | <.001 |
| COPD | 6.0 (44) | 11.2 (117) | 17.4 (19) | <.001 | 7.9 (107) | 12.8 (115) | 16.7 (53) | <.001 |
25OHD = total 25-hydroxyvitamin D, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, IMAT= intramuscular adipose tissue area, hsCRP= high-sensitivity C-reactive Protein, RTD = rate of torque development; High coffee intake was defined as ≥3 cups/day; low education was defined as ≤12 years of education; high hsCRP was defined as > 3.0 mg/L.
aSignificantly different from never smokers;
bSignificantly different from former smokers.