Macrophages |
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Healthy lean, overweight, and obese subjects were fed a liquid formula diet of 40% fat (corn oil), 45% carbohydrate (glucose polymer), and 15% protein (casein hydrolysate). |
CD68 marker was used to determine the macrophage content in lean vs. obese human adipose tissues. |
Adipose tissue macrophage numbers increase in obesity and participate in inflammatory pathways that are activated in adipose tissues of obese individuals. |
4 |
Adipose tissue from human obese and non-obese subjects was collected by abdominoplasty and laparoscopic intra-abdominal surgeries. |
Samples were analyzed by proteomic, gene expression and flow-cytometric approaches. |
Cell surface markers indicative of altered lipid metabolism and inflammatory markers were increased in adipose tissue macrophages of obese subjects compared to the lean controls. Markers of classical activation are absent on ATMs from obese humans. |
19 |
52 obese and 29 non-obese control female human subjects were recruited and their abdominal subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) biopsies and serum samples were collected. |
Metabolome released from subcutaneous abdominal WAT in 81 obese and non-obese women was assessed for glutamine levels (measured in the releasate and in the serum). |
In WAT, glutamine was downregulated in obesity. However, there were no differences in the levels of serum glutamine between the groups. Glutamine was linked to suppression of proinflammatory genes in human adipocytes. |
22 |
10 female human subjects underwent weight loss by consumption of a very low calorie diet . |
Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) biopsy samples were obtained and stained for CLS and markers of metabolic and inflammatory perturbation, such as levels of glucose, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). |
CLS increased after weight loss and markers of metabolic and inflammatory perturbation, such as levels of glucose, hsCRP, circulating fatty acids and glycerol were decreased. |
26 |
Obese T2D subjects were treated with either CDP571, a humanized monoclonal anti-TNFα antibody, orrecombinant human TNF receptor: Fc fusion protein or TNFα inhibitor etanercept. |
Insulin sensitivity test and/or hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp assays were performed. |
TNFα blockade did not incontrovertibly affect insulin sensitivity in obese human subjects. |
28–30 |
Neutrophils |
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Patients with obesity who underwent bariatric/metabolic surgery were recruited. |
Fasting blood and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue were obtained before (n=14), at one month (n=9), and 6-12 months (n=14) after bariatric/metabolic surgery from subjects who were not on insulin or anti-diabetes medication. |
The neutrophil content in obese adipose tissue continued to rise to 15-20 fold above that at the time of surgery and this persisted for months post-surgery, despite improvements in overall metabolic function. |
34 |
Twenty-three obese patients undergoing gastric band surgery were recruited to a longitudinal intervention study, along with non-obese, healthy gender- and age-matched controls. |
Peripheral blood neutrophil (PBNs) were isolated by density centrifugation and a comprehensive analysis of PBN function was undertaken at various stages of the patients’ bariatric surgical care pathway. |
Obese patients exhibited exaggerated PBN activity in response to various stimuli, with higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lower PBN extracellular trap (NET) formation. PBN chemotactic accuracy was also impaired prior to surgery. Weight loss was associated with normalized NET production and lower ROS production and cytokine release relative to healthy controls. |
41 |
Seventy-three patients with morbid obesity and 55 healthy subjects, and 21 subjects with severe coronary artery disease were recruited before and after bariatric surgery. |
Anthropometric parameters, peripheral blood pressure, biochemical and serum analysis at the enrollment and at twelve months after surgery were measured along with assessment of plasmatic levels of MPO-DNA complexes by ELISA. |
NETs levels were higher in obese than in controls and correlated with the anthropometric variable (BMI, waist, hip), glyco-metabolic variables and systolic blood pressure. After surgery, there were no definitive changes in NETs. |
42 |
Mast cells |
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A general population of 1,216 persons, aged 15-69 years, was recruited. |
Mast cell-specific serum tryptase was determined using ImmunoCAP Tryptase assay. |
Higher levels of serum mast cell-specific tryptase were demonstrated in obese vs. lean individuals. |
45 |
Human subjects were recruited from the Lexington, KY area in the summer; mean temperature 20-24 °C. |
Baseline biopsies of thigh adipose were performed, the subjects then applied an icepack to one leg for 30 minutes each day for 10 consecutive days, and thigh biopsies were performed on the cold treated leg and the contralateral leg. Nanostring ncounter multiplex system was performed along with immunohistochemical analysis of the mast cell marker, anti-tryptase. |
Regardless of BMI, mast cell tryptase and CCL26 (a chemokine for mast cells) were upregulated in the cold. Upon repeated cold exposure to unilateral thigh, in both lean and obese subjects, increased mast cell degranulation was evident; however, only in lean but not obese subjects, increases in mast cell content in the SATs were observed. |
48 |
NK cells and ILC1s |
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120 consecutive male and female obese subjects and 11 lean healthy controls were recruited |
Blood samples were collected and BMI and blood pressure were measured. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were prepared |
Compared to lean controls, obese patients had fewer circulating NK cells and cytotoxic T cells |
68 |
A cohort of 90 children (45 obese/45 non-obese) aged between 6 and 17 years was recruited. |
Blood samples were collected for Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and various immune cell population was measured. Clinical assessments and biochemical measurements were performed. |
Circulating NK cells were reduced in obese vs. lean children, which inversely correlated with BMI and insulin resistance and the NK cells in the obese children were more activated than those from lean children. |
69 |
Stromovascular cell fractions (SVFs) from VAT and SAT from obese humans undergoing bariatric surgery were studied in vitro. |
Transcriptional profiling, flow cytometric phenotyping, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and intracellular cytokine staining were performed. |
VAT demonstrated higher IFNγ mRNA transcript levels, and NK cells, which constitutively express IFNγ, were also higher in the VAT vs. SAT; SVF-derived NK cells expressed IFNγ on activation, which was associated with TNFα expression by macrophages. |
70 |
Thirty-two healthy adults with obesity were divided into control and experimental groups. Participants in the experimental group performed a 3-month program of exercise training and nutrition. |
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and Western blot assay. |
Diet and exercise-induced weight loss over a three month period in obese individuals resulted in increased production of IFNγ, along with increased NK cell functions. |
71 |
A total of 85 individuals, including 49 obese patients underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, and 36 age- and sex-matched non-obese non-T2D controls received elective abdominal surgery (e.g., hernia or hemangioma resection) were enrolled. |
Peri-umbilical adipose tissue was collected during surgery and blood samples were collected before and 3 months after surgery. |
The number of circulating and omental adipose tissue ILC1s was higher in obese vs. lean individuals and higher levels of the ILC1s were associated with poorer metabolic health. |
73 |
ILC2s |
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Subcutaneous white adipose tissue (S-WAT) from the abdominal region was obtained from lean and obese subjects. |
ILC2 was measured from all subjects by flow cytometry and their frequencies were also compared for all characteristics |
The abdominal SAT of obese subjects revealed a decreased frequency of ILC2s compared to the lean controls |
78 |
ILC3s |
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Fifty asthmatic children who were diagnosed with mild to severe asthma based on commonly-accepted clinical laboratory guidelines were recruited for the study and their blood samples were collected. |
PBMCs were isolated from the blood and the levels of ILC3 was measured by flow cytometry and qPCR. |
Overweight children with asthma had higher frequencies of ILC3s in the peripheral blood vs. lean asthmatic children, in parallel with higher mRNA levels of IL17 and IL22. |
88 |
Twenty-five subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues from 14 human obese subjects undergoing bariatric surgery were collected along with tissue from healthy non-obese subjects. |
Stromal vascular fraction was isolated from mature adipocytes and subjected to single-cell RNA sequencing. |
34% of the cells expressed markers consistent with different immune cell populations, specifically of NK cells, T-cells and macrophages that were indicative of “metabolically-activated macrophages.” |
129 |
Twenty-two obese women before and at three months after bariatric surgery were included. |
Adipose tissues were collected during and three months after surgery and were subjected to bulk RNA-sequencing. |
Significant reductions in body mass occurred in all 22 subjects, along with improvement in multiple metabolic markers; macrophages, T-cells and neutrophil signatures showed overall improvements in the inflammatory state in the post-operative condition. |
137 |