Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Author | Country | Year | Study type | Data period | Definition of preterm | Exposure | Sample size (preterm) | Adjusted confounders |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Richardson et al., 2019 | UK | 2019 | UKTIS | 1995−2018 | — | Venlafaxine | 1,274 (158) | Venlafaxine-exposed pregnancies by both calendar year and maternal age (each ±2 years) at UKTIS referral |
| Laine et al., 2019 | Finnish | 2019 | National birth registry | 2009−2015 | <37 | All ADs | 6263 | Age, cohabitation, smoking, education, body mass index, fertility treatments, previous pregnancies, and gestational diabetes mellitus |
| Yonkers et al., 2017 | Connecticut and southern Massachusetts | 2017 | U.S. prospective cohort | 2005−2009 | <37 | SRIs | 2,654 (225) | Age, race/ethnicity, educational level, and smoking, heavy drinking, and illicit drug use during pregnancy |
| Viktorin et al., 2016 | Swedish | 2016 | National birth registry | 2006−2009 | <259 days |
SSRIs | 390,404 | Mother's education, mother's BMI, parity, mother's age at pregnancy, mother's previous psychiatric history, mother's smoking status at the first visit to maternal care |
| Winterfeld et al., 2015 | Canada | 2015 | TIS | 1995−2011 | <37 | Mirtazapine | 581 (57) | Selected randomly, and cases and control subjects were matched by TIS center, year of TIS contact (± 2 years), maternal age (± 2 years), and gestational age at the time of call (± 4 weeks) |
| Malm et al., 2015 | Finland | 2015 | National birth registry | 1996−2010 | Late preterm (32−36 weeks) |
SSRIs | 56,775 (2,449) | Gender and birth period (1996–2000, 2001–2005, and 2006–2010), maternal age at delivery, place of residence, marital status, parity, smoking, socioeconomic status, purchase of anxiolytics, sedative-hypnotics, or antiepileptic drugs, pre-pregnancy diabetes, and other chronic diseases |
| Very preterm (< 32 weeks) | 56,775 (359) | |||||||
| Şahingöz et al., 2014 | Konya and Istanbul | 2014 | Turkish prospective cohort | — | 20 < weeks < 37 | SSRIs | 89 | — |
| Sadowski et al., 2013 | Canada | 2013 | TIS | 2005−2009 | <37 | Second-generation antipsychotics | 266 (17) | Age at conception (± 3 years) and pregnancy duration at the initial time of contact (± 2 weeks) |
| Nordeng et al., 2012 | Norwegian | 2012 | The MoBa study | 2000−2006 | <37 | All ADs | 62,347 | Level of depression, maternal age at delivery, education, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal asthma or cardiovascular disease, NSAID use, folic acid use, and smoking during pregnancy |
| Yonkers et al., 2012 | Connecticut and southern Massachusetts | 2012 | U.S. prospective cohort | 2005−2009 | <37 | SRIs | 2,654 (225) | Age, education, race, smoking, illicit drug use and pregnancy history, number of lifetime hospitalizations, age of depressive onset, number of prior depressive episodes, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder in pregnancy, and suicidal thoughts in pregnancy |
| El Marroun et al., 2012 | Netherlands | 2012 | The Generation R study | 2002−2006 | <37 | SSRIs | 7,126 (365) | Maternal age at intake, gender of the child, maternal education, ethnicity, maternal smoking and drinking habits, body mass index, parity, and maternal benzodiazepine use |
| Klieger-Grossmann et al., 2012 | Canada | 2012 | TIS | — | <37 | Escitalopram | 425 (28) | Maternal age ±2 years, alcohol consumption and smoking, and gestational age at the time of call ±2 weeks |
| Einarson et al., 2011 | Canada | 2011 | TIS | 1992−2007 | <37 | All ADs | 178 (15) | Maternal age (± 2 years), smoking and alcohol use, time of call to Motherisk |
| Latendresse and Ruiz, 2011 | Utah | 2011 | U.S. prospective cohort | 2007.3−11 | <37 | SSRIs | 100 | — |
| Einarson et al., 2010 | Canada | 2010 | TIS | — | < 37 | All ADs | 1,856 (132) | Maternal age (± 2 years), alcohol, tobacco, concurrent drug use |
| Lewis et al., 2010 | Australia | 2010 | Clinic-based prospective cohort | 2004−2005 | <37 | SSRIs/SNRIs/NaSSAs | 54 (5) | — |
| Lund et al., 2009 | Denmark | 2009 | Aarhus birth prospective cohort | 1989−2006 | <37 | SSRIs | 57,001 (2796) | Maternal age, body mass index, smoking, a previous pregnancy with prematurity, and parity |
| Wisner et al., 2009 | Cleveland and Pitts burgh | 2009 | U.S. prospective cohort | 2000−2001, 2003−2007 | Late preterm (≥34 to <37 weeks) | SSRIs | 279 (24) | Maternal age and race |
| Early preterm (< 34 weeks) | ||||||||
| Calderon-Margalit et al., 2009 | Swedish | 2009 | Omega study | since 1996 | 20 < weeks < 37 | SSRIs/SSRI+SNRI | 2,631 (253) | Maternal age, race, years of education, marital status, smoking during pregnancy, preeclampsia, parity, and singleton/multiple pregnancy |
| Suri et al., 2007 | Los Angeles | 2007 | the University of California | 2000−2005 | — | All ADs | 90 (14) | — |
| Djulus et al., 2006 | Canada | 2006 | TIS | 2002−2005 | <37 | Mirtazapine | 208 (12) | Maternal age at the time of conception (± 2 years), gestational age at the first contact (± 2 weeks), tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and chronic conditions |
| Sivojelezova et al., 2005 | Canada | 2005 | TIS | 1999-2002 | <37 | Citalopram | 264 (16) | Maternal age (± 2 years), gestational stage of pregnancy (± 2 weeks) at the time of recruitment |
| Källén, 2004 | Swedish | 2004 | National birth registry | 1995−2001 | <37 | Tricyclic | 563,656 (28,743) |
Year of birth, maternal age, parity, and maternal smoking in early pregnancy |
| SSRIs |
TIS, Teratogen Information Service; AD, antidepressant; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; SRI, serotonin reuptake inhibitor; NaSSA, noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SNRI, serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; UKTIS, UK Teratology Information Service.