Table 1.
General descriptive statistics of some variables for the whole sample.
| Variable | Description | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Women’s variables | |||
| Noflf | Number of women in the labor force | 1.532 | 0.670 |
| Palff | Proportion of agricultural laborers in the female labor force | 0.611 | 0.381 |
| Aeflf | Average years educated of female labor force | 8.083 | 3.566 |
| Aaflf | Average age of female labor force | 44.379 | 12.564 |
| Whhf | Whether the household head is female (female = 1; male = 0) | 0.047 | 0.212 |
| Palmf | Proportion of agricultural laborers in the male labor force | 0.543 | 0.351 |
| Household characteristics | |||
| Nolab | Number of laborers | 3.358 | 1.107 |
| Numoc | Number of children (age<18) | 0.782 | 0.856 |
| Nooaf | Number of old adults in family (age≥60) | 0.956 | 0.913 |
| Heada | Age of household head | 55.242 | 9.904 |
| Heade | Years educated of household head | 8.465 | 3.092 |
| Offic | Whether one of the family members is a rural official (yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.063 | 0.242 |
| Poain | Proportion of agricultural income | 0.251 | 0.260 |
| Incom | Annual household income (thousand USD) a | 18.636 | 42.216 |
| Aipla | Average annual income per laborer (thousand USD) a | 5.871 | 16.918 |
| Lsati | Livelihood satisfaction, which has five options: extremely dissatisfied, dissatisfied, general, satisfied and very satisfied, respectively ranked from 1 to 5. | 2.481 | 0.929 |
| Land characteristics | |||
| Aopla | Area of planting (ha)b | 0.568 | 2.155 |
| Aland | Area of assigned land (ha)b | 0.316 | 0.137 |
| Aifph | Annual input of fertilizers and pesticides per hectare (thousand USD per hectare) | 1.985 | 2.371 |
| Aroaw | Whether adopted recycling of agricultural waste (yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.277 | 0.448 |
| Dependent variables | |||
| Renou | Whether family rented out its farmland (yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.228 | 0.420 |
| Prold | Proportion of rented-out land in assigned land | 0.177 | 0.352 |
| Pagin | Proportion of agricultural income in total income | 0.251 | 0.260 |
| Renin | Whether family chose to rent in farmland (yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.159 | 0.366 |
| Arild | Area of rented-in land (ha) | 0.305 | 2.139 |
| Observations | 592 | ||
a100 USD = 661.74 CNY (Annual data of exchange rate from National Bureau of Statistics of China in 2018 (available at http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexeh.htm)).
b1 ha = 15mu.