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. 2020 May 22;13:223–231. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S250675

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© 2020 Niemelä et al.

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Mediators of inflammation in physically active individuals before and after extreme physical exertion.

Notes: The values are shown as medians and interquartile ranges. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 for comparisons between pre- and post-exercise values; ^††p < 0.01; ^†††p < 0.001 for comparisons with the group with low or sedentary activity. Study groups: 1= Physically active individuals, pre-exercise baseline; 2= 3-h Post-exercise; 3 = 48-h Post-exercise; 4 = Subjects with low or sedentary activity.

Abbreviations: suPAR, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, a biomarker of immune activation; CD163, a biomarker of monocyte-macrophage activation; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta.