Fig. 2.

The mechanism of GSPE on obesity induced by high-fat diet (HFD). Chronic GSPE supplementation significantly changed the composition of the intestinal flora, i.e. the number of thick-walled bacteria (as shown in the gray bacterium) decreased, while the number of bacteria (red bacterium) and bifidobacteria (green bacterium) increased. The change of the microbial community is related to the increase in butyrate production. Butyrate further increased the secretion of GLP-1 in intestinal L cells and ultimately enhanced metabolic function to prevent obesity.