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. 2020 May 26;15(5):e0232533. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232533

Table 1. Patient characteristics (mean, median [IQR] unless otherwise indicated).

Doctor Shopping Patients Doctor Shopping Eligible Patients Neither
Patients, N (%) 37,333 (1.3%) 298,493 (9.7%) 2,708,757 (89%)
Demographics
    Age 50 51 [40, 59] 56.9 57 [47, 67] 49.2 49 [33, 64]
    Female (%) 59.8% 57.3% 56.8%
Time data
    Total span (days) 1563 1586 [731, 2376] 1262 1084 [431, 2055] 427 90 [90,484]
    Active time (days) 1216 1035 [523, 1811] 921 667 [383, 1302] 170 90 [90, 180]
    Percent active 80.9% 89.9% [67%, 100%] 80.2% 92.7% [63.5%, 100%] 46.3% 39.5% [27.7%,60.6%]a
Prescription data
    Prescriptions/patient 58.9 39 [19,80] 31.4 19 [11, 39] 2.4 1 [1, 3]
    Prescriptions/patient/month 1.39 1.22 [.92, 1.67] 1.06 .89 [.72, 1.2] .40 .33 [.33, .41]
    MME/prescription (patient weighted) 954 545 [283, 1047] 1043 529 [294, 1025] 270 150 [100, 243]
Prescriber data
    Prescribers/patient 14.7 12 [9, 17] 4.6 4 [2, 6] 1.7 1 [1, 2]
    Prescribers/patient/month .48 .42 [.27, .61] .21 .17 [.10, .28] .33 .33 [.33, .33]
    Prescriptions/provider (patient weighted) 4.0 2.9 [1.8, 5.1] 8.8 5.7 [3.2, 10] 1.3 1 [1.0, 1.2]
Usage data
    Total morphine equivalents/patient 78190 22070 [6887, 70702] 42969 11025 [4375 32650] 791 225 [120, 600]
    Morphine equivalents/patient/day 51.6 22.9 [9.9, 53.1] 40.9 16.5 [8.3, 35.9] 3.9 1.7 [1.1, 3.3]
    Maximum 90-day daily MME 133 59.6 [26.7, 139] 81.8 34.5 [17.9, 72.4] 5.4 2 [11, 47]
    Percent maximum 90-day daily MME > 20 82.1% 71.7% 4.3%
Pharmacologic Data: (%)
    Patient gets only short acting opioids 51.9% 66.7% 95.8%
    Patient gets ≥ 1 methadone/buprenorphine 18.9% 10.2% 1%
Prescriptions, N (%) 2,198,631 (12.3%) 9,378,221 (52.1%) 6,378,116 (35.5%)
    Morphine equivalents/prescription 1328 600 [225, 1200] 1368 600 [300, 1200] 336 150 [100, 300]
    Short acting opioids (%) 83.7% 84.3% 97.0%
    Methadone/buprenorphine (%) 5.4% 5.3% .8%
    Top 3 medications (%) Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen (56.6%) Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen (59.1%) Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen (65.3%)
Oxycodone/ Acetaminophen (9.1%) Oxycodone/ Acetaminophen (6.7%) Codeine/Acetaminophen (11.4%)
Morphine sulfate (6.0%) Morphine sulfate (5.3%) Oxycodone/ Acetaminophen (6.8%)