Table 1.

Multivariable analysis of lifetime exposure to violence, chronic stress, and asthma and bronchodilator response

Variables	Asthma				Bronchodilator responseψ
	Model 1 ETV only		Model 2 ETV + high chronic stress		Model 3 High chronic stress only		Model 4 High chronic stress + ETV
	Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)	P value	Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)	P value	Beta (standard error)	P value	Beta (Standard Error)	P value
Each 1 point increment in ETV¥ scale	1.12 (1.02, 1.22)	0.02	1.10 (1.00, 1.22)	0.04	---	---	0.46 (0.34)	0.18
High chronic stress†	---	---	1.19 (0.73, 1.94)	0.48	−4.01 (1.47)	<0.01	−4.63 (1.60)	<0.01
Age	0.87 (0.78, 0.96)	<0.01	0.87 (0.78, 0.97)	0.01	0.24 (0.35)	0.49	0.12 (0.36)	0.73
Male sex	1.30 (0.89, 1.91)	0.18	1.31 (0.89, 1.92)	0.17	1.18 (1.32)	0.37	1.09 (1.35)	0.42
Household income (≥$15,000/year)	0.88 (0.58, 1.32)	0.53	0.87 (0.58, 1.31)	0.50	0.16 (1.41)	0.91	0.22 (1.44)	0.88
Current second-hand smoke exposure	1.40 (0.93, 2.11)	0.10	1.41 (0.94, 2.11)	0.10	1.15 (1.35)	0.39	0.96 (1.39)	0.49

^¥Exposure to Violence (ETV)

^†Checklist of Children’s Distress Symptoms (CCDS) score in the upper quartile.

^ψIn children with asthma.