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. 2020 May 26;10:8742. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65385-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Winter severity as indicated by snow-on-ground, from Environment Canada weather data, Fort McMurray, Alberta, 2011–2014, summarised daily. The 30-year mean maximum snow depth (dashed line) is 30 cm. The winter of 2011–12 exhibited contemporary average snow depth, whereas the winters of 2012–13 and 2013–14 were comparatively severe.