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. 2020 May 26;10:8675. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65613-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) MVED at various wavelengths and laser (peak) intensities (white line defines OBT). (b) Electron density evolution for λ_L = 2.6 μm and I = 1.26 × 10¹³ W/cm² with and without Kerr effect. Laser pulse is shown in arbitrary units (green line). (c) MVED dependence on laser intensity (Results are shown for λ_L = 2 μm, 2.5 μm, 3 μm, 3.5 m and 4 μm). Inset illustrates the influence of impact ionisation. (d) Percentage change of MVED if Kerr effect is considered ( $Δ N_{e} = (N_{e} - N_{e}^{(K e r r)})$ ). (τ_p = 170 fs).