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. 2020 May 26;10:8675. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65613-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Evolution of the spatial distribution of N_e along z-axis at position where energy deposition is higher for NP = 1 (for I = 1.4 × 10¹³ W/cm²), (dashed white line corresponds to the maximum depth for which OBT occurs while inset shows the temporal profile of N_e along the dashed line). (b) Top view of Parallel and (c) Perpendicular to laser polarisation LSFL for laser (peak) intensities I = 1.06 × 10¹³ W/cm² and I = 1.4 × 10¹³ W/cm², for NP = 3 and NP = 10, respectively. Black double-ended arrows indicate polarisation direction. (insets in (b,c) show the depth profiles along the dashed lines) (τ_p = 170 fs). Figures (b,c) illustrate a quadrant of the affected zone (top view) (λ_L = 2.6 μm).