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. 2020 May 26;10:8734. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65683-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Histopathology and immunohistochemistry analyses of liver and brain from moribund BALB mice. (A–C) Liver from a moribund BALB mouse on day 8.5 p.i. displays minimal multifocal inflammatory lesions either randomly distributed in the liver parenchyma (arrowhead) (A) or centered on portal tracts, mostly around bile ducts (arrowhead) (B). Rare RVFV-infected cells are indicated by IHC with antibodies against RVFV N protein (C). (D–I) Brains from moribund BALB mice on days 7 to 9 p.i. display different inflammatory and apoptotic/necrotic lesions: subacute leptomeningitis characterized by infiltration of leptomeninges by lymphocytes, plasma cells and neutrophils (D), laminar apoptosis/necrosis of neurons in the cortical outer granular layer (E) with RVFV N protein-positive neurons (F), necrotic/apoptotic foci in different locations of the cerebral grey matter with gliosis (G) and infiltration of neutrophils (inset), and strong signal for RVFV N protein (H-I). Histology and immunohistochemistry results shown are representative of experiments performed on at least 4 animals. A, B, D, E, G: Hematoxylin and eosin staining; C, F, H, I: Immunohistochemistry for RVFV N protein.