Fig. 1. Ferroelectric control of spin Hall angle.

The spin-polarized electrons from the FM electrode tunneled into the metal are deflected sideways due to the ISHE. M, J_S, S, E_ISHE, and θ_SHE denote the magnetization of the FM electrode, the tunneled spin-polarized current, the spin-polarization vector, the generated electric field, and the spin Hall angle, respectively. The built-in electric field from the FE surface dramatically influences the electronic structure of the Pt layer at the interface and reverses the sign of the spin Hall angle, from which the detected ISHE voltage can be reversed based on the polarization state of PZT film: a the up and b the down polarization states, as the arrows shown in the figures.