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. 2020 May 26;11:2629. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16403-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Mature grains of NIL-GSA1^WYJ and NIL-GSA1^CG14. Scale bar = 5 mm. Comparison of 1000-grain weight (b), grain length (c) and grain width (d) between NIL-GSA1^WYJ and NIL-GSA1^CG14 (n = 40 plants). e Time-course of the change in caryopsis dry weight for NIL-GSA1^WYJ and NIL-GSA1^CG14 (n = 8 plants, 40 caryopses per plant). f GSA1 was initially mapped to the interval between the markers D3-125.1 and D3-125.18 on long arm of chromosome 3 and then narrowed to a 29.47 kb region containing five genes. The numbers of recombinant individuals are shown between the marker positions. 1000-grain weight is shown to the right of the schematic for each representative recombinant line. Recombinant lines R2, R3, and R4 originated from recombinant line C2; recombinant line R1 originated from recombinant line R2. Values represent the mean ± s.d. (n = 20 plants). Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) determined by Duncan’s multiple range test. Single nucleotide mutations and the corresponding amino acid changes in NIL-GSA1^CG14 are shown beneath the schematic illustration of the GSA1 gene. Syn, synonymous variations. The red box indicates the PSPG domain. g Mature grains of WYJ and the overexpression lines Pro35S: GSA1^WYJ#7, Pro35S:GSA1^WYJ#14 and Pro35S:GSA1^WYJ#26. Scale bar = 5 mm. Comparison of 1000-grain weight (h), grain length (i) and grain width (j) between WYJ and the overexpression lines (n = 8 plants). The values in b–e and h–j represent the mean ± s.d. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 indicate significant differences compared with NIL-GSA1^WYJ or WYJ in two-tailed Student’s t tests. The source data underlying Fig. 1b–f and h–j are provided as Source Data file.