Fig. 1. Density-dependent effects on first-year survival for ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tree seedlings.

Left panel: ECM tree species. Right panel: AM tree species. For all of the 17,824 seedlings that were newly germinated during 2009–2016, we analysed their survival over the first year using a generalized linear mixed-effects model, in which we entered conspecific seedling density, heterospecific seedling density, conspecific adult density and heterospecific adult density as fixed factors, and species, recruitment year and location of each seedling as random factors, assuming a logit-link function and binomial error. Values represent regression coefficients and associated 95% confidence intervals. Bold solid circles indicate significant at P < 0.05, and hollow circles indicate non-significant differences with zero.